Trade Relations between the Almoravid State and the Kingdoms of Western Sudan (448-541 AH / 1056-1147 CE)

Abstract

This research investigates the historical development and multifaceted dimensions of trade relations between the Almoravid State (448–541 AH / 1056–1147 CE) and the kingdoms of Western Sudan, specifically focusing on the Kingdom of Ghana as a primary model. The study aims to highlight the pivotal role of trans-Saharan trade routes in connecting the Maghreb with sub-Saharan urban centers such as Awdaghost and Timbuktu. Methodologically, the paper relies on an analytical historical approach, utilizing classical Arabic geographical and historical sources like al-Bakri, al-Idrisi, and Ibn Khaldun, alongside modern academic scholarship. The findings demonstrate that the trade in gold, salt, and slaves constituted the economic backbone of these relations. Gold from the "Bambouk" and "Boure" mines was essential for minting the Almoravid dinar, which stabilized their economy and funded military campaigns. Conversely, the Almoravids supplied Western Sudan with salt from Taghaza, textiles, and metal goods. Beyond material exchange, these routes served as conduits for cultural and religious dissemination, facilitating the spread of Islam, the Arabic language, and the Maliki school of jurisprudence in the region. Despite facing severe natural obstacles such as the harsh Saharan climate and security threats from bandits, the Almoravids established a sophisticated organizational system involving desert tribe intermediaries and military protection for caravans. Ultimately, the research concludes that these trade ties were not merely economic transactions but a foundational element in shaping the civilizational identity of both the Islamic West and Western Sudan during the medieval era.