Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS)
Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS) (ISSN: 3106-0323) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Dhat Al-imad University in Libya. Our journal is committed to publishing high-quality, original research that spans a wide range of disciplines within both the humanities and applied sciences. AJHAS publishes two issues per year, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their work and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Vision To be a leading scientific platform for disseminating innovative and impactful research that addresses local and global challenges in the humanities and applied sciences. Mission To provide an accessible and rigorous platform for researchers to publish their scholarly work, foster academic dialogue, and advance interdisciplinary knowledge across various fields of study. Objectives Promote Research: Encourage and publish high-quality research from diverse academic fields. Support Open Access: Provide free and unrestricted access to all published articles, promoting the global exchange of knowledge. Foster Dialogue: Create a forum for intellectual exchange and collaboration among researchers. For more information, you can visit our website or contact us via email at editor@al-imadjournal.ly or WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Local Sources of Historical Documentation in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah during the Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods: An Analytical Study (567 AH – 923 AH / 1171 AD – 1517 AD)
This analytical study explores the nature of local historical documentation in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods (567 AH – 923 AH / 1171 AD – 1517 AD). During these eras, the city gained significant status as a sacred religious center, leading to a flourish in local historiography that focused on its landmarks, mosques, scientific life, and social fabric. The research investigates the political background of the city, which transitioned from Zaydi influence to Ayyubid and eventually Mamluk sovereignty, while maintaining a degree of local rule by the Ashraf. The study highlights prominent local sources authored by scholars directly connected to the city, such as Ibn al-Jawzi’s "Muthir al-Azm", Ibn al-Najjar’s "al-Durra al-Thamina", al-Marjani’s "Bahjat al-Nufus", and al-Samhudi’s encyclopedic work "Wafa al-Wafa". Utilizing an analytical approach, the research evaluates the methodologies of these historians, noting a transition from traditional narrative reporting to sophisticated critical analysis and field observation. While early works often blended religious virtues with history, later scholars like al-Samhudi employed comparative criticism and meticulous documentation of architectural changes, such as those following the second fire of the Prophet's Mosque in 886 AH. These local sources provide an essential foundation for understanding Al-Madinah’s history. They represent an advanced stage of documentation that balances scientific accuracy with religious devotion, effectively preserving the city's cultural heritage and filling gaps left by general historical texts. The study concludes that the "local documentation" emerged as an independent phenomenon with its own tools and methods, contributing significantly to the construction of local historical memory.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Student Counselor in Activating Psychological Resilience as a Mediating Variable to Confront Family Crises
This research investigates the pivotal role of the school counselor in fostering psychological resilience as a strategic mediating variable to mitigate the adverse effects of family crises on students. In an era characterized by escalating social instability, family crises—including divorce, domestic violence, and financial distress—have become significant impediments to students' academic achievement and psychological equilibrium. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to explore the dynamic interplay between professional counseling interventions and the development of students' internal strengths. Central to this investigation is the concept of "Psychological Resilience," viewed not as a static trait but as a developable "psychological muscle" and a "mediating channel" through which the impacts of family stressors are processed. The research demonstrates that the counselor acts as a "human systems engineer," employing advanced techniques such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and mindfulness to facilitate "Cognitive Reappraisal." These interventions empower students to shift from a "victim mentality" to an "agency model," where they perceive family crises as external challenges rather than personal failures. Statistical path analysis reveals that resilience functions as a "circuit breaker" that absorbs the direct shock of family trauma, reducing the negative correlation between crisis and school adjustment by approximately 60%. The study concludes that the counselor's presence as a perceived support system is an essential protective factor that activates "Ordinary Magic"—the natural adaptive systems within the student. Consequently, the research proposes a specialized "Resilience Toolkit" consisting of eight structured sessions designed to build self-efficacy, emotional regulation, and social support networks. This transition from administrative roles to specialized psychological engineering is vital for ensuring students' long-term academic success and mental well-being in the face of contemporary social challenges.
Investigating EFL Teaching Challenges in Libya (Case Study: Secondary Schools in Maslata)
This study aimed to explore the most prominent problems, difficulties, and challenges faced by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in Libyan secondary schools during their teaching. It specifically investigated whether these challenges relate to teacher competency, teaching methods, or the curriculum. Employing a descriptive, analytical, and quantitative methodology, the researcher surveyed all 28 English language teachers across four secondary schools in Maslata city for the 2024/2025 academic year. Data were collected using a 21-item questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results revealed that challenges related to the availability of teaching aids ranked first, followed by challenges related to teacher competency, both showing statistically significant effects. While challenges related to curriculum components were present, they demonstrated a very small statistically significant effect. The study concluded that systemic issues, including traditional teacher-centered methodologies and resource constraints, hinder effective language instruction. Key recommendations include providing structured teacher training programs, reducing class sizes to a maximum of 15 students, and integrating modern technology and multi-media language labs into schools.
Angular Dependence of the Total Cross Section in Inverse Compton Scattering (Theoretical study)
Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) of relativistic electrons with low-energy laser photons is a highly efficient mechanism for generating high-energy gamma rays. This study presents a theoretical calculation of the total cross section for ICS in head-on collisions, specifically investigating its dependence on the scattering angle (θ_s). The total cross section is a fundamental parameter for accurately estimating gamma-ray production rates and scattering probabilities. Our findings indicate that angular effects significantly influence the cross-sectional values. Results show that at high gamma-ray energies, the total cross section decreases, whereas at lower energies—corresponding to larger scattering angles—it approaches the classical Thomson scattering limit (σ_(Th≈)665mb). This transition confirms the consistency of the theoretical model across different energy regimes. Data from the SLEGS, Hayakawa, and LADON facilities were utilized to verify these angular dependencies. The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the energy of the produced gamma rays and the scattering probability. These insights are crucial for optimizing ICS-based sources utilized in nuclear physics, medical imaging, and industrial applications, particularly in the transmutation of nuclear waste.
Thermal Performance Challenges and Mitigation Strategies for Photovoltaic Modules in High-Temperature Climates: A Case Study of Three Libyan Cities in Different Regions
This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules under diverse climatic conditions, emphasizing degradation induced by elevated operating temperatures. Utilizing a MATLAB-based simulation centered on a single-diode equivalent circuit model, the electrical characteristics of a standard crystalline silicon module were analyzed across three geographically distinct Libyan cities: Tripoli (temperate coastal), Sabha (hot-arid), and Kufra (high-altitude subtropical). The model integrates real-world meteorological data, including ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and wind speed, to calculate cell temperature and its impact on electrical parameters. Results quantify a significant efficiency penalty in hotter regions, driven by the module's negative temperature coefficient. This manifested as a marked reduction in maximum power point (MPP) voltage and distinct distortion of the I-V curves in desert climates compared to coastal regions. Specifically, Tripoli maintains the highest operational efficiency (above 17.5%) year-round due to its cooler climate, whereas Kufra, despite superior solar resources, experiences the lowest efficiency due to substantial thermal losses. Furthermore, the study evaluates active cooling as a thermal management intervention. The findings highlight the necessity of region-specific PV system optimization and demonstrate the efficacy of predictive computational modeling for enhancing energy yields in extreme environments.
Developmental education and sustainable learning: A developmental vision for basic education curricula in Libya
Environmental education and education for sustainability are gaining increasing importance in raising students’ environmental awareness and preparing them to face future challenges. This study aims to provide a developmental vision for the basic education curricula in Libya by evaluating the extent to which environmental education concepts and sustainability principles are integrated, and by proposing recommendations to enhance the integration of economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The study relied on a content analysis of textbooks from grades 1 to 9 according to the three dimensions of sustainable development, along with a survey of a sample of educational inspectors to assess the current situation and compare it with future aspirations. The results showed the dominance of the social dimension across all grades, a gradual development of the environmental dimension from weak in early grades to strong in upper grades, and a weak economic dimension in early grades with gradual improvement in higher grades. The survey also revealed that the inclusion of environmental education and sustainability concepts in the current curricula is below acceptable levels, with a clear gap between reality and aspirations, highlighting the urgent need to develop curricula and provide training for teachers and inspectors to implement sustainable education effectively.
Sociology of Crises: Social Solidarity in the Face of Natural and Climatic Disasters
This scientific paper investigates the sociological dynamics of local community responses to sudden environmental and climatic crises, such as floods, earthquakes, or severe droughts. The study stems from the hypothesis that disasters are not merely technical or natural events but are social tests that reveal the strength of a society's value structure. The paper focuses specifically on the phenomenon of "informal solidarity networks" that emerge spontaneously and organically during critical moments when formal institutions may struggle to provide rapid or comprehensive responses. Through a field case study, the paper analyzes the concept of "Community Resilience," viewed not just as endurance but as an active process of reorganizing resources and efforts. The study highlights the pivotal role of "Social Capital" in its various dimensions—bonding capital (strong ties among kin) and bridging capital (links between different groups)—in creating a "social immune system" that accelerates psychological and material recovery. Furthermore, the research discusses how "adversity" transforms into a driver for producing new solidary values that transcend traditional divisions, thereby strengthening collective identity. The study concludes that successful disaster management does not rely solely on logistical preparations but depends fundamentally on the pre-existing "social infrastructure." The paper recommends the necessity of integrating local leadership and informal networks into national emergency plans, asserting that local community empowerment is the strongest guarantee for facing increasing environmental challenges amidst global climate change.
The Effectiveness of a Counseling Program Based on Emotional Intelligence in Reducing School Bullying Behavior and Improving Classroom Climate among Middle School Students
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a counseling program based on developing emotional intelligence in reducing school bullying behavior and improving the classroom climate among middle school students. The need for the study stemmed from the seriousness of school bullying as a recurring aggressive behavior that threatens students' psychological safety and hinders the learning process, and from the expected pivotal role of emotional intelligence – a concept encompassing skills of self-awareness, emotion management, empathy, and social skills – in reducing aggressive behaviors and building positive relationships. The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a pre-post design for two groups (experimental and control). The study sample consisted of (60) middle school students in Bani Walid who were randomly divided into two equal groups. A group counseling program of (12) sessions was applied to the experimental group, while the control group received no intervention. The study used the School Bullying Scale, the Classroom Climate Scale, and the Emotional Intelligence Scale to collect data. The results showed statistically significant high effectiveness of the program. Bullying scores decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group, with a large effect size (η² = 0.65). Also, classroom climate perception scores improved remarkably and prominently in the experimental group (η² = 0.70). The results revealed a strong negative correlation between emotional intelligence and bullying, and a strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and classroom climate. The follow-up measurement showed stability of these gains two months after the end of the program. Based on the results, the study recommended generalizing the application of such programs in schools, training counselors and teachers on them, integrating emotional intelligence skills into the curriculum, designing parallel programs for parents, and conducting further developmental studies.
The Impact of Islamic Banking on the Quality of Banking Services Provided to Customers: A Field Study on Al-Jumhouria Bank - South Tripoli
This study aimed to identify the impact of Islamic banking on the quality of banking services provided to customers. The researcher adopted the descriptive–analytical approach, and the study relied on a questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The study sample consisted of customers of the Islamic Bank, South Tripoli branch, where (389) questionnaires were distributed. A total of (383) valid questionnaires were retrieved, representing (98.46%), while approximately (6) questionnaires were lost, representing (1.5%), The study reached several results, the most important of which is the existence of a significant impact of Islamic banking on the quality of banking services provided to customers. This result is supported by the significance level of the F-test, which reached (0.00), being less than the adopted significance level of (0.05). In addition, the value of the coefficient of determination (R²) reached (0.495), indicating that only (49.5%) of the changes in the average responses of the sample regarding the quality of banking services provided to customers are attributed to changes in Islamic banking. Furthermore, the study concluded that there is a need to introduce new methods to gain customer satisfaction. These methods lie in developing and restructuring traditional practices in a way that instills a high level of satisfaction among customers. Banks should also take into consideration that these methods emphasize to customers the avoidance of usury (riba) and interest.
The Effectiveness of Environmental Legislation in Supporting Sustainable Development Pathways
supporting sustainable development pathways. It analyzes the conceptual and legal framework governing the relationship between environment and development, and examines the extent to which the national legislative system aligns with international normative transformations resulting from the Stockholm Conference (1972), the Rio Conference (1992), and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by systems analysis, to examine the preventive and deterrent tools adopted by the Libyan legislator, including environmental licensing systems, absolute and relative prohibitions of harmful activities, environmental impact assessment (EIA), and the framework of criminal, financial, and administrative sanctions. The findings reveal that Libyan environmental legislation—particularly Law No. (15) of 2003 on Environmental Protection and Improvement—establishes a relatively integrated legal structure combining prevention, regulation, and sanction mechanisms. This reflects a legislative awareness of the need to integrate environmental considerations into development decision-making. Furthermore, the institutional framework, represented by the Environmental General Authority and judicial and supervisory bodies, constitutes a regulatory foundation for protecting natural resources. However, the study identifies a gap between legislative provisions and their practical implementation due to institutional and enforcement challenges. It concludes that strengthening sustainability in Libya requires not only legislative reform but also effective implementation within an integrated vision that balances economic growth with the protection of the rights of future generations to a healthy environment.
Assessment of Anesthesia Providers' Knowledge and Self-Reported Practices on Safe Handling of Key Anesthetic and Emergency Drugs in Benghazi, Libya
Anesthesia safety is a critical field that relies on the precise administration of potent pharmacological agents, where any error can lead to severe patient morbidity or mortality. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and self-reported practices of 100 anesthesia providers regarding the safe handling of key anesthetic and emergency medications in major hospitals in Benghazi, Libya. Data were collected using a structured and validated questionnaire that focused on five essential drugs: propofol, succinylcholine, rocuronium, atropine, and adrenaline. The assessment covered multiple domains, including therapeutic indications, side effects, contraindications, storage requirements, and safety protocols. The results revealed that the majority of participants were young, aged 20-29 years (48%), and held a diploma qualification (80%). Foundational knowledge was generally strong across the cohort. For instance, 96% of providers correctly identified the use of propofol for induction, and 86% were aware of the strict 6-hour disposal window after opening a vial. Knowledge of neuromuscular blockers was also substantial, with 85-93% correctly identifying their indications and 90-93% recognizing the necessity of refrigerated storage. Regarding emergency drugs, 92% correctly identified bradycardia as the primary indication for atropine, and 98% recognized adrenaline as the first-line treatment for cardiac arrest. Despite these strengths, the study identified critical knowledge gaps, particularly concerning adrenaline concentrations, where only 80% of participants correctly identified the standard 1:1000 concentration. Furthermore, minor misconceptions were noted regarding the storage of atropine and the use of succinylcholine. In conclusion, while anesthesia providers in Benghazi demonstrate satisfactory foundational knowledge, targeted educational interventions are necessary. It is recommended to implement structured continuous professional development and simulation-based training to address specific gaps, standardize safety protocols, and ultimately optimize patient safety outcomes in clinical practice.
Enhancing Thermal Storage Performance Using Finned Tubes in PCM Units
This research presents a comprehensive numerical investigation into the enhancement of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) performance through the integration of finned tubes within phase change material (PCM) units. Given the inherent challenges in theoretically analyzing the non-linear moving solid-liquid interface during phase transitions, a robust finite volume model was developed to simulate the solidification process of PCM, specifically paraffin, around the outer surface of circular cylindrical finned tubes. The simulation utilizes an enthalpic formulation and a fully implicit scheme to accurately predict the fraction of solidified PCM and the transient evolution of the liquid-solid interface over time. Validation of the numerical model against established experimental and numerical data demonstrated excellent agreement, confirming the reliability of the proposed computational approach. A detailed parametric study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various geometric and operational factors on the energy charging rates and total discharge times. The results indicate that the thermal performance of the storage system is significantly improved by increasing the fin diameter, fin thickness, and the total number of fins, as these modifications facilitate superior heat conduction into the PCM. Furthermore, the study highlights that a higher temperature difference between the tube wall and the PCM, as well as the implementation of more compact tube arrays, leads to shorter discharge times and a greater amount of energy being recovered. The findings provide critical insights and practical design guidelines for optimizing PCM-based thermal energy storage systems, emphasizing the effectiveness of finned configurations in overcoming the low thermal conductivity of common phase change materials.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of Libya
Libya is classified as a hyper-arid to semi-arid nation that relies almost entirely on non-renewable groundwater from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS). This dependence is driven by extremely low annual rainfall, where 93% of the land receives less than 100 mm, and evaporation rates reach up to 4079 mm. Climate change is significantly accelerating resource depletion in the region. Projections indicate a temperature rise of 2 to 3 degrees Celsius by 2050, leading to a 10% to 15% increase in evapotranspiration. These climatic shifts result in unpredictable precipitation patterns and extended drought periods, which effectively prevent natural groundwater recharge in most regions. Currently, the Great Man-Made River (GMMR) project facilitates the extraction of 79% of Libya's water from these fossil sources. Agriculture remains the primary consumer, accounting for 83% of total water use, which has led to a critical decline in basin water levels by 1 to 2 meters annually. Furthermore, coastal aquifers face increasing risks of salinization and deteriorating water quality. This review, analyzing data from 2020 to 2025, identifies profound system vulnerabilities caused by the imbalance between supply and demand. To ensure long-term water security, the study proposes the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) alongside the expansion of desalination, wastewater reuse systems, and advanced sustainability monitoring through technologies like GRACE. Without urgent adaptive strategies, the continued over-extraction of non-renewable resources under climate stress poses a severe threat to the nation's socio-economic stability.
Acid-Base Ideas Among Libyan Undergraduate Seniors: A Phenomenological Approach
Exploring students' ideas about a particular concept is the first step in the process of constructing valid diagnostic instruments such as concept inventories and multi-tier tests. This exploratory qualitative study, utilizing a phenomenological approach, aimed to investigate Libyan undergraduate chemistry seniors' conceptual understanding and identify misconceptions regarding acid-base chemistry. The study was conducted at a public university in eastern Libya, involving five senior chemistry majors who had completed Analytical Chemistry (I). Participants engaged in a guided-inquiry, project-based learning experience where they designed laboratory experiments and reported their findings. Data collection involved multiple methods, including observations during discussions and laboratory sessions, a demographic questionnaire, an open-response test with a confidence-level reporting section, and in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns and clusters of ideas from transcribed interviews. The results revealed several significant misconceptions, some of which had not been previously documented in literature. Notable findings included participants' inability to draw titration curves for weak acid-weak base systems, confusion between hydronium ion concentration and pH values, and the misconception that an indicator acts as a catalyst. Furthermore, some students incorrectly defined Brønsted acids based on electron gain rather than proton transfer. Participants reported that the hands-on activities and the project-based approach significantly improved their understanding and prepared them for their final reports. The study concludes that identifying these specific misconceptions is vital for educators to improve teaching strategies and develop more effective diagnostic assessments.
Risk factors and causes of End stage renal failure in Tarhuna Dialysis Center
End-stage renal failure (ESRF) occurs when a patient's kidneys have failed completely and can no longer filter waste products or produce adequate amounts of urine. Diabetes and hypertension are two leading causes of ESRF. Other risk factors for developing ESRF include chronic kidney diseases, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, and environmental exposures. A cross-sectional study of patients receiving treatment at the Tarhuna Dialysis Center (Libya) was conducted from December 2024 through February 2025. Using a demographic questionnaire (age, gender, and lifestyle factors) to collect data, researchers obtained data from 124 subjects. The most frequently reported age range was 30-45 years (34%) and 46-60 years (34%) of participants in the study. In addition to identifying risk factors associated with ESRF development, lifestyle factors associated with ESRF were also examined by gender. It appears that the following risk factors play a significant role in the development of ESRF: hypertension (27%), congenital anomalies (23%), diabetes (20%). All other risk factors for ESRF are less common (i.e. medication use without a prescription (16%), recurrent urinary tract infections (13%), protein loss in the urine (13%), cardiovascular disease (12%), dehydration (6%), and pulmonary disease (3%), and genetic disorders (1.6%). Therefore, it is important to continue education efforts to encourage early detection and treatment of chronic kidney disease and its associated risk factors before they develop into ESRF. According to the findings, many individuals with ESRF were noted to have hypertension and that by controlling hypertension, harbored the potential to reduce kidney failure rates. Identifying the types of preventative public health initiatives or identifying other prevalent causes of kidney failure could potentially aid to reduce the incidence of ESRF in individuals in Tarhuna City.
In vitro Evaluation of Trichoderma viride Efficiency in Inhibiting the Growth of Alternaria alternata, the Causal Agent of Tomato Leaf Spot
This research was conducted to evaluate the biocontrol efficiency of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma viride, which was obtained from the Agricultural Research Center in Tripoli, Libya. The study aimed to assess its ability to inhibit and suppress the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease on tomato plants. The pathogen was originally isolated from infected tomato leaves collected from Wadi Souf Al-Jein farm in the Bani Walid region during the year 2025. The experimental procedures involved the isolation, purification, and identification of the pathogen based on its morphological characteristics, such as dark olive-to-black colonies and specialized conidiophores with transverse and longitudinal septa. The antagonistic activity was tested using the Dual Culture Plate Test on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The results of the study demonstrated a significant high antifungal potential of T. viride against A. alternata, achieving an inhibition rate of 87%. While the pathogen covered 100% of the plate in the control treatment, it only managed 13% growth in the presence of the bio-agent. Microscopic examination revealed the primary mechanism of antagonism as direct mycoparasitism. The hyphae of T. viride were observed coiling around the mycelium of A. alternata, leading to the degradation and destruction of the pathogen's mycelium. These findings are attributed to the ability of Trichoderma species to produce inhibitory substances and lytic enzymes such as chitinase and protease. The study concludes that T. viride is a highly effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemical pesticides for managing tomato leaf spot disease.
Pillars and Foundations of Administrative Decentralization and Their Suitability for the Administrative Organization in Libya
This research paper addresses the topic of administrative decentralization as a modern and effective approach to administrative organization in Libya, aimed at overcoming the traditional challenges associated with centralism. The study explores the fundamental pillars and foundations that support decentralization, emphasizing its role in achieving a balance between the authority of the central government and the independence of local administrative units. The researcher analyzes the legal and administrative framework of decentralization, highlighting that its primary objective is to manage the diverse interests and varying needs of different regions within the state more efficiently. A significant portion of the paper is dedicated to discussing the concept of administrative guardianship, which serves as a crucial mechanism for ensuring that local authorities operate within the legal boundaries set by the state without infringing upon their necessary autonomy. Furthermore, the study distinguishes administrative decentralization from other similar administrative systems, such as administrative deconcentration and political federalism, to provide a clear conceptual framework. By examining the current legislative landscape in Libya, particularly the Local Government Law No. 59 of 2012 and constitutional proposals, the research evaluates the extent to which these laws align with the requirements of a functional decentralized system. The findings suggest that while Libya has taken steps toward decentralization, there remains a pressing need for comprehensive legislative reforms and the development of clear administrative policies that reflect the country’s unique social and geographical realities. The paper concludes that achieving high-quality administrative performance requires empowering local units with real financial and administrative independence, supported by a modern legal system capable of adapting to global and local developments.
The Social and Economic Impacts of Transnational Crime and Ways To Address Them From A Social Work Perspective (Drug Trafficking As A Model)
This research examines the social and economic impacts of transnational crimes, with a specific focus on drug trafficking as a primary model within the field of social work. The study aims to identify the multidimensional risks associated with cross-border criminal activities and explore effective intervention strategies from a professional social work perspective. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research relies on a comprehensive review of theoretical literature, previous studies, and international reports to analyze how drug trafficking undermines social stability and national economies. The findings indicate that transnational drug crimes significantly weaken social cohesion, lead to the erosion of family values, and increase rates of domestic instability and divorce. Economically, these crimes drain national resources, hinder sustainable development, and distort local markets through money laundering activities. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical role of social workers in prevention, early detection, and the rehabilitation of individuals affected by addiction. The research concludes by proposing a strategic framework for social work intervention that emphasizes community awareness, family support systems, and international cooperation to mitigate the threats posed by organized crime. It recommends the necessity of developing specialized social programs that integrate psychological and social support to protect the youth, who represent the most vulnerable group to these transnational threats.
The Role of International Marketing in Attracting Foreign Investment and Enhancing Economic Relations
The objective of this research is to investigate the strategic role of international marketing in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and fostering robust international economic relations. In an increasingly globalized marketplace, nations must differentiate themselves to secure capital inflows. This study explores how international marketing frameworks, including nation branding, targeted promotional strategies, and digital diplomacy, serve as catalysts for investor interest. By analyzing the synergy between marketing communication and economic stability, the research identifies that effective marketing not only highlights a country’s competitive advantages but also mitigates perceived risks for foreign investors. The methodology employs a qualitative systematic review of existing literature and case studies to evaluate the impact of marketing initiatives on FDI trends. Findings suggest that countries utilizing sophisticated international marketing strategies experience higher levels of investor confidence and more sustainable economic partnerships. Furthermore, the study highlights the necessity of aligning marketing messages with actual structural reforms to ensure long-term credibility. The research concludes that international marketing is no longer a peripheral activity but a core component of national economic policy, essential for navigating the complexities of the global economy and building enduring bilateral and multilateral ties.
Impact of Chronic Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiation on Hematological Parameters and Oxidative Homeostasis in Albino Rats
The rapid expansion of wireless telecommunication has led to ubiquitous environmental exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), raising significant concerns regarding their long-term biological safety. This investigation was meticulously designed to evaluate the hematological repercussions and redox equilibrium disruptions in a murine model following prolonged exposure to mobile-emitted radiation. For this purpose, twenty male Albino rats were randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to a 900–1800 MHz electromagnetic field, emitted by a commercial mobile phone in active calling mode, for six hours daily over a continuous 60-day duration. The animals were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment within a perforated Plexiglas chamber to ensure adequate ventilation. Following the exposure period, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to analyze cytological variations and biochemical markers of oxidative damage. The results of the study revealed significant deviations in the hematological profile of the exposed rats compared to the sham-exposed controls. Specifically, data analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and Total Erythrocyte Count (RBC). Conversely, a marked elevation in Total Leucocyte Count (WBC) was observed, suggesting a systemic inflammatory response to chronic radiation. Furthermore, the biochemical assessment indicated a distinct shift in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, characterized by a prominent increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which serves as a critical marker for lipid peroxidation. This was accompanied by a significant depletion in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, specifically Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Microscopic examination of blood films also revealed morphological alterations such as echinocytes, indicating membrane damage. In conclusion, chronic exposure to mobile phone frequencies serves as a potential trigger for hematological instability and systemic oxidative stress, necessitating stricter guidelines regarding prolonged device proximity.
The Relationship Between Metacognitive Awareness and Listening Comprehension Difficulties Among EFL Learners in Libyan Universities: A Case Study at Omar Al-Mukhtar University
This study investigates the relationship between metacognitive awareness levels and listening difficulties among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners at Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Al-Bayda, Libya. The significance of this research stems from the scarcity of empirical studies in the Libyan context regarding the cognitive processes affecting students' listening performance. The study employed a descriptive correlational approach, utilizing a purposive sample of 48 third- and fourth-year students from the English Department at the Faculty of Arts. To collect data, the researchers utilized the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ), which consists of 21 items across five main dimensions: Planning-Evaluation, Problem-Solving, Directed Attention, Mental Translation, and Person Knowledge. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed that the "Problem-Solving" dimension achieved the highest mean score (5.11 out of 6), indicating that students frequently attempt to compensate for comprehension gaps through contextual inference and the application of prior knowledge. Conversely, the "Directed Attention" dimension recorded the lowest mean (4.45), reflecting a significant challenge in maintaining sustained focus and recovering from distractions during listening tasks. Results also uncovered a concerning reliance on "Mental Translation" with a mean of 5.06, which is viewed as a surface-level processing strategy that hinders direct comprehension and slows down real-time linguistic processing. Furthermore, the "Planning-Evaluation" dimension showed a relatively low mean of 4.46, suggesting that students often fail to engage in strategic planning or regular performance evaluation. The study recommends integrating explicit and systematic training in metacognitive strategies within listening curricula to reduce reliance on literal translation. It also suggests developing specialized programs to enhance directed attention and strategic planning while encouraging further experimental research to measure instructional impact.
Problems of teaching English to high school students from the point of view of teachers in Sabha
The present study aimed to identify the problems facing English language teachers at the secondary stage in the city of Sabha, Libya, from the teachers' perspective. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, as it is the most appropriate for the nature of this research. The study population consisted of all English language teachers in secondary schools in Sabha, while the study sample included (40) male and female teachers selected randomly. The researcher developed a questionnaire as a primary tool for data collection, which consisted of several main domains: problems related to the curriculum, problems related to the teacher, and problems related to the student. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified using appropriate statistical methods. After collecting and analyzing the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the study reached several significant results. The findings indicated that there are statistically significant differences in the problems of teaching English from the teachers' perspective attributed to the gender variable, with these differences favoring males. On the other hand, the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the problems related to the curriculum, the teacher, or the student attributed to the variable of years of experience. Furthermore, the study revealed that there are no statistically significant differences in these problems attributed to the scientific qualification variable. Based on these results, the study recommended the necessity of providing modern educational aids and language laboratories in schools, as well as holding training workshops for teachers to keep pace with modern teaching methods and focus on communicative skills rather than just rote memorization for exams.
The Importance of Exposure to English Outside the Classroom in Libya
This theoretical research paper investigates the critical role of English language exposure beyond formal educational settings within the Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. Despite various curriculum updates and the introduction of interactive teaching methodologies aimed at enhancing linguistic skills, Libyan students continue to struggle with spoken English proficiency and communicative competence. The study posits that the primary reason for this persistent gap is the minimal presence of English in everyday interactions outside academic spaces, which significantly shrinks opportunities for active practice. Drawing on prominent Second Language Acquisition (SLA) frameworks, such as Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, Long’s Interaction Hypothesis, and Swain’s Output Hypothesis, the research explores how reduced access to authentic input and real-life engagement leads to slower progress and uneven development of communication skills. The analysis highlights that while classroom instruction provides structured study, informal experiences and extramural English—such as engaging with digital content, films, songs, and online communication—are essential for achieving advanced fluency and vocabulary growth. Furthermore, the paper examines the systemic and cultural barriers in Libya, including overcrowded classrooms, test-driven evaluations, and limited teacher preparation, which often push educators toward traditional grammar-based instruction rather than dialogue-rich methods. By synthesizing comparative research from other low-exposure environments, this study underscores that proficiency is not merely a product of rules taught but of uses discovered through repeated informal contact. The findings suggest that bridging the gap between formal instruction and communicative mastery requires a shift in focus toward the sociolinguistic environment and the integration of outside-class exposure into the broader educational strategy.
Epidemiological Study of Ecto and Endoparasites in Ornamental Fish in Tripoli, Libya
This study aims to investigate the prevalence and diversity of parasites affecting various species of ornamental fish in the city of Tripoli, Libya. Ornamental fish farming has seen significant growth in recent years, yet parasitic infections remain a primary constraint, leading to substantial economic losses and health deterioration in captive aquatic environments. The methodology involved the collection of 250 fish samples from different retail outlets and private collections across Tripoli. Microscopic examinations of the skin, gills, and internal organs were conducted to identify ectoparasites and endoparasites. Preliminary statistical analysis revealed a high prevalence of infection, particularly by protozoan parasites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and monogenean trematodes like Dactylogyrus spp. and Gyrodactylus spp. The findings indicate that water quality parameters and stocking density significantly influence the intensity of these infections. This research provides a comprehensive baseline for local veterinarians and hobbyists to implement better diagnostic and preventive measures. Furthermore, it highlights the need for stricter quarantine protocols for imported ornamental species to prevent the introduction of exotic pathogens into the local aquatic ecosystem. The results are discussed in the context of global parasitic trends in ornamental aquaculture, emphasizing the role of sustainable management practices.
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The Role of Digital Transformation in Enhancing the Professional Practice Efficiency of School Social Workers
The present study investigates the pivotal role of digital transformation in social work professional practice, particularly within educational institutions in Tripoli. As the world undergoes rapid technological advancements, digital transformation has become a fundamental necessity for organizations seeking to enhance their services through the integration of modern technology into their structural and operational frameworks. The problem of the study arises from the urgent need to keep pace with these developments while facing administrative and technical barriers in implementing digital tools within social institutions. The primary objective is to evaluate how digital transformation enhances the efficiency of social workers and improves the quality of services provided to clients. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the researcher focused on a sample of 20 female social workers across four schools: Al-Intisar, Taqrifat, Al-Hurra, and Sina. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering digital awareness, skill development, and service delivery efficiency. Results indicate a high level of awareness regarding digital transformation, with 100% of the sample acknowledging its benefits for professional practice. Key findings highlight that digitalization significantly improves speed, accuracy, and data confidentiality while facilitating access to beneficiaries in remote areas. Furthermore, 75% of participants reported utilizing electronic documentation for cases, though there remains a critical need for specialized training and dedicated hardware. The study concludes that digital transformation is not merely a technical task but a holistic shift that supports professional decision-making and reinforces social work values through modern interactive programs and smart technologies.
The Effectiveness of Modern Teaching Methods in Employing Sports Activities as Part of University Curricula
The current research explores the effectiveness of modern teaching methods in integrating sports activities into university curricula, focusing on their impact on students' academic, social, and emotional development. The study addresses a core problem: many university programs remain heavily theoretical, neglecting the vital role sports play in building a well-rounded personality. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research examined how combining physical activities with theoretical frameworks enhances essential life skills such as cooperation, teamwork, leadership, emotional regulation, and empathy. Data was collected from a purposive sample of 150 students at Bani Walid University during the 2025 academic year, using tools such as questionnaires and interviews. Results indicated that modern teaching strategies, including cooperative and project-based learning, significantly increased classroom participation by 85% and improved the integration of theory and practice by 82%. Furthermore, regular sports participation was linked to reduced anxiety and higher academic satisfaction, with the most significant improvements seen in teamwork (84%) and social skills (83%). While leadership and empathy showed slightly lower impacts (76% and 77% respectively), the findings confirm that sports are a powerful pedagogical tool rather than a mere extracurricular activity. The study concludes that systematically embedding sports into university curricula is a pedagogical necessity for achieving comprehensive education and preparing students to face future professional and social challenges effectively.
Trade Relations between the Almoravid State and the Kingdoms of Western Sudan (448-541 AH / 1056-1147 CE)
This research investigates the historical development and multifaceted dimensions of trade relations between the Almoravid State (448–541 AH / 1056–1147 CE) and the kingdoms of Western Sudan, specifically focusing on the Kingdom of Ghana as a primary model. The study aims to highlight the pivotal role of trans-Saharan trade routes in connecting the Maghreb with sub-Saharan urban centers such as Awdaghost and Timbuktu. Methodologically, the paper relies on an analytical historical approach, utilizing classical Arabic geographical and historical sources like al-Bakri, al-Idrisi, and Ibn Khaldun, alongside modern academic scholarship. The findings demonstrate that the trade in gold, salt, and slaves constituted the economic backbone of these relations. Gold from the "Bambouk" and "Boure" mines was essential for minting the Almoravid dinar, which stabilized their economy and funded military campaigns. Conversely, the Almoravids supplied Western Sudan with salt from Taghaza, textiles, and metal goods. Beyond material exchange, these routes served as conduits for cultural and religious dissemination, facilitating the spread of Islam, the Arabic language, and the Maliki school of jurisprudence in the region. Despite facing severe natural obstacles such as the harsh Saharan climate and security threats from bandits, the Almoravids established a sophisticated organizational system involving desert tribe intermediaries and military protection for caravans. Ultimately, the research concludes that these trade ties were not merely economic transactions but a foundational element in shaping the civilizational identity of both the Islamic West and Western Sudan during the medieval era.
The social effects of illegal immigration in Libyan society: An analytical sociological study
This sociological study explores the complex phenomenon of irregular migration in Libya and its multifaceted social, economic, and cultural impacts. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology and social conflict theory as an explanatory framework, the research dissects how migration has fundamentally altered the Libyan social structure since the 2011 political and security shifts. The study reveals that irregular migration is not merely a transient movement of people but a structural issue stemming from systemic imbalances in both origin and host countries. Findings indicate that this phenomenon has intensified social conflict due to increased competition for limited resources like employment and public services, particularly in urban areas experiencing high migrant density. Furthermore, the study identifies a significant expansion of the informal economy and an erosion of social cohesion caused by the weakening of traditional and institutional social control mechanisms. The lack of clear public policies for cultural integration has led to value-based clashes and the emergence of negative social perceptions between local populations and migrants. Sociologically, the research highlights how certain economic groups benefit from cheap labor while vulnerable local segments, especially the youth, face marginalization and exclusion. The paper concludes that addressing irregular migration requires a comprehensive approach rooted in social justice, institutional strengthening, and the implementation of balanced policies that protect both human rights and national stability. It recommends formalizing the labor market and enhancing regional cooperation to address the root causes of migration rather than solely focusing on security-based interventions.
The role of educational technology in improving the learning skills of kindergarten children from the teachers' perspective
This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the impact of utilizing educational technology in enhancing the learning skills of kindergarten children in El-Beida, Libya. The research adopted an analytical-procedural methodology, employing a survey distributed to a random sample of 150 kindergarten teachers representing 40 different institutions. The study was structured around four primary axes: demographic characteristics, the role of teachers in integrating modern technology, professional teacher experience, and the challenges or obstacles hindering effective technology implementation. The theoretical framework focused on identifying educational technology as a fundamental tool for developing cognitive, social, and emotional abilities through discovery-based learning. Statistical analysis using SPSS and the ANOVA test revealed that modern technology contributes to improving learning skills by more than 50% of the relative weight. Teacher experience was found to account for over 30% of the total weight, showing a strong correlation between professional expertise and the quality of technology employment in the classroom. Meanwhile, challenges and obstacles represented a 20% impact, exerting a negative statistical influence on the overall effectiveness of the educational process. The study successfully validated its main hypotheses regarding the positive role of technology and experience, as well as the significant presence of barriers like lack of training and infrastructure deficiencies. Consequently, the research recommends the necessity of institutionalizing educational technology in early childhood settings and intensifying specialized training programs for teachers. It also emphasizes providing technical and financial support to overcome infrastructure barriers and reducing administrative burdens to allow for better activity planning.
Cyberbullying and Social Participation among University Students: A Field Study on Social Work Students at the Faculty of Education
This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of cyberbullying and its impact on social participation among students in the Social Work Department at the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir, University of Tripoli. The research problem stems from the rapid development of communication technologies, which, despite their benefits, have introduced behavioral challenges such as cyberbullying. This behavior, characterized by repeated aggression through digital media, directly affects students' psychological and social well-being, potentially leading to social isolation and reduced engagement in university activities. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational methodology to describe the prevalence of cyberbullying and analyze the relationship between this phenomenon and levels of social participation. The research was conducted on a purposive sample of 116 male and female students, representing 79.4% of the total student population in the Social Work Department during the Fall semester of 2025. Data were collected using a specialized questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic data, forms of cyberbullying, and its reflection on social participation. Statistical validity and reliability were confirmed using Pearson correlation and Cronbach's Alpha. Results indicated that the overall level of cyberbullying among the students is low, with a general mean of 1.45. The most common form of cyberbullying identified was "exclusion from electronic groups," which recorded a medium response level. The findings also highlighted that social participation is affected by these digital interactions, emphasizing the need for professional social work interventions. The study recommends developing awareness programs and social counseling to mitigate the effects of cyberbullying and foster a supportive, safe university environment that encourages positive social interaction among students.