Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS)
Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS) (ISSN: 3106-0323) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Dhat Al-imad University in Libya. Our journal is committed to publishing high-quality, original research that spans a wide range of disciplines within both the humanities and applied sciences. AJHAS publishes two issues per year, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their work and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Vision To be a leading scientific platform for disseminating innovative and impactful research that addresses local and global challenges in the humanities and applied sciences. Mission To provide an accessible and rigorous platform for researchers to publish their scholarly work, foster academic dialogue, and advance interdisciplinary knowledge across various fields of study. Objectives Promote Research: Encourage and publish high-quality research from diverse academic fields. Support Open Access: Provide free and unrestricted access to all published articles, promoting the global exchange of knowledge. Foster Dialogue: Create a forum for intellectual exchange and collaboration among researchers. For more information, you can visit our website or contact us via email at editor@al-imadjournal.ly or WhatsApp at +218925574772.
The Role of Digital Transformation in Enhancing the Professional Practice Efficiency of School Social Workers
The present study investigates the pivotal role of digital transformation in social work professional practice, particularly within educational institutions in Tripoli. As the world undergoes rapid technological advancements, digital transformation has become a fundamental necessity for organizations seeking to enhance their services through the integration of modern technology into their structural and operational frameworks. The problem of the study arises from the urgent need to keep pace with these developments while facing administrative and technical barriers in implementing digital tools within social institutions. The primary objective is to evaluate how digital transformation enhances the efficiency of social workers and improves the quality of services provided to clients. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the researcher focused on a sample of 20 female social workers across four schools: Al-Intisar, Taqrifat, Al-Hurra, and Sina. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering digital awareness, skill development, and service delivery efficiency. Results indicate a high level of awareness regarding digital transformation, with 100% of the sample acknowledging its benefits for professional practice. Key findings highlight that digitalization significantly improves speed, accuracy, and data confidentiality while facilitating access to beneficiaries in remote areas. Furthermore, 75% of participants reported utilizing electronic documentation for cases, though there remains a critical need for specialized training and dedicated hardware. The study concludes that digital transformation is not merely a technical task but a holistic shift that supports professional decision-making and reinforces social work values through modern interactive programs and smart technologies.
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The Effectiveness of Modern Teaching Methods in Employing Sports Activities as Part of University Curricula
The current research explores the effectiveness of modern teaching methods in integrating sports activities into university curricula, focusing on their impact on students' academic, social, and emotional development. The study addresses a core problem: many university programs remain heavily theoretical, neglecting the vital role sports play in building a well-rounded personality. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research examined how combining physical activities with theoretical frameworks enhances essential life skills such as cooperation, teamwork, leadership, emotional regulation, and empathy. Data was collected from a purposive sample of 150 students at Bani Walid University during the 2025 academic year, using tools such as questionnaires and interviews. Results indicated that modern teaching strategies, including cooperative and project-based learning, significantly increased classroom participation by 85% and improved the integration of theory and practice by 82%. Furthermore, regular sports participation was linked to reduced anxiety and higher academic satisfaction, with the most significant improvements seen in teamwork (84%) and social skills (83%). While leadership and empathy showed slightly lower impacts (76% and 77% respectively), the findings confirm that sports are a powerful pedagogical tool rather than a mere extracurricular activity. The study concludes that systematically embedding sports into university curricula is a pedagogical necessity for achieving comprehensive education and preparing students to face future professional and social challenges effectively.
Trade Relations between the Almoravid State and the Kingdoms of Western Sudan (448-541 AH / 1056-1147 CE)
This research investigates the historical development and multifaceted dimensions of trade relations between the Almoravid State (448–541 AH / 1056–1147 CE) and the kingdoms of Western Sudan, specifically focusing on the Kingdom of Ghana as a primary model. The study aims to highlight the pivotal role of trans-Saharan trade routes in connecting the Maghreb with sub-Saharan urban centers such as Awdaghost and Timbuktu. Methodologically, the paper relies on an analytical historical approach, utilizing classical Arabic geographical and historical sources like al-Bakri, al-Idrisi, and Ibn Khaldun, alongside modern academic scholarship. The findings demonstrate that the trade in gold, salt, and slaves constituted the economic backbone of these relations. Gold from the "Bambouk" and "Boure" mines was essential for minting the Almoravid dinar, which stabilized their economy and funded military campaigns. Conversely, the Almoravids supplied Western Sudan with salt from Taghaza, textiles, and metal goods. Beyond material exchange, these routes served as conduits for cultural and religious dissemination, facilitating the spread of Islam, the Arabic language, and the Maliki school of jurisprudence in the region. Despite facing severe natural obstacles such as the harsh Saharan climate and security threats from bandits, the Almoravids established a sophisticated organizational system involving desert tribe intermediaries and military protection for caravans. Ultimately, the research concludes that these trade ties were not merely economic transactions but a foundational element in shaping the civilizational identity of both the Islamic West and Western Sudan during the medieval era.
The social effects of illegal immigration in Libyan society: An analytical sociological study
This sociological study explores the complex phenomenon of irregular migration in Libya and its multifaceted social, economic, and cultural impacts. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology and social conflict theory as an explanatory framework, the research dissects how migration has fundamentally altered the Libyan social structure since the 2011 political and security shifts. The study reveals that irregular migration is not merely a transient movement of people but a structural issue stemming from systemic imbalances in both origin and host countries. Findings indicate that this phenomenon has intensified social conflict due to increased competition for limited resources like employment and public services, particularly in urban areas experiencing high migrant density. Furthermore, the study identifies a significant expansion of the informal economy and an erosion of social cohesion caused by the weakening of traditional and institutional social control mechanisms. The lack of clear public policies for cultural integration has led to value-based clashes and the emergence of negative social perceptions between local populations and migrants. Sociologically, the research highlights how certain economic groups benefit from cheap labor while vulnerable local segments, especially the youth, face marginalization and exclusion. The paper concludes that addressing irregular migration requires a comprehensive approach rooted in social justice, institutional strengthening, and the implementation of balanced policies that protect both human rights and national stability. It recommends formalizing the labor market and enhancing regional cooperation to address the root causes of migration rather than solely focusing on security-based interventions.
The role of educational technology in improving the learning skills of kindergarten children from the teachers' perspective
This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the impact of utilizing educational technology in enhancing the learning skills of kindergarten children in El-Beida, Libya. The research adopted an analytical-procedural methodology, employing a survey distributed to a random sample of 150 kindergarten teachers representing 40 different institutions. The study was structured around four primary axes: demographic characteristics, the role of teachers in integrating modern technology, professional teacher experience, and the challenges or obstacles hindering effective technology implementation. The theoretical framework focused on identifying educational technology as a fundamental tool for developing cognitive, social, and emotional abilities through discovery-based learning. Statistical analysis using SPSS and the ANOVA test revealed that modern technology contributes to improving learning skills by more than 50% of the relative weight. Teacher experience was found to account for over 30% of the total weight, showing a strong correlation between professional expertise and the quality of technology employment in the classroom. Meanwhile, challenges and obstacles represented a 20% impact, exerting a negative statistical influence on the overall effectiveness of the educational process. The study successfully validated its main hypotheses regarding the positive role of technology and experience, as well as the significant presence of barriers like lack of training and infrastructure deficiencies. Consequently, the research recommends the necessity of institutionalizing educational technology in early childhood settings and intensifying specialized training programs for teachers. It also emphasizes providing technical and financial support to overcome infrastructure barriers and reducing administrative burdens to allow for better activity planning.
Cyberbullying and Social Participation among University Students: A Field Study on Social Work Students at the Faculty of Education
This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of cyberbullying and its impact on social participation among students in the Social Work Department at the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir, University of Tripoli. The research problem stems from the rapid development of communication technologies, which, despite their benefits, have introduced behavioral challenges such as cyberbullying. This behavior, characterized by repeated aggression through digital media, directly affects students' psychological and social well-being, potentially leading to social isolation and reduced engagement in university activities. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational methodology to describe the prevalence of cyberbullying and analyze the relationship between this phenomenon and levels of social participation. The research was conducted on a purposive sample of 116 male and female students, representing 79.4% of the total student population in the Social Work Department during the Fall semester of 2025. Data were collected using a specialized questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic data, forms of cyberbullying, and its reflection on social participation. Statistical validity and reliability were confirmed using Pearson correlation and Cronbach's Alpha. Results indicated that the overall level of cyberbullying among the students is low, with a general mean of 1.45. The most common form of cyberbullying identified was "exclusion from electronic groups," which recorded a medium response level. The findings also highlighted that social participation is affected by these digital interactions, emphasizing the need for professional social work interventions. The study recommends developing awareness programs and social counseling to mitigate the effects of cyberbullying and foster a supportive, safe university environment that encourages positive social interaction among students.
The Impact of Classroom Environment on the Academic Performance of EFL Students: A Case Study of Bani Waleed University
This study investigates the relationship between the classroom environment and the English language performance of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students at Bani Waleed University. Utilizing a correlational research design, the study sampled 35 students across four academic years. Data were collected using the My Class Inventory (MCI), a derivative of the What Is Happening in the Classroom (WIHIC) questionnaire. Findings indicated high levels of student satisfaction and competitiveness, alongside moderate levels of friction and low cohesiveness. Descriptive analysis suggests that while students perceive their environment positively in terms of satisfaction, social friction and low peer cohesiveness remain critical areas for institutional improvement. The study concludes that a balanced physical and social environment is a significant predictor of academic success.
The Impact of Trade Routes on Shaping Hybrid Identity and Social Cohesion in West Africa (11th-14th Centuries AD)
This study investigates the structural and civilizational role played by Trans-Saharan trade networks in shaping major social transformations and fostering social cohesion in West Africa between the 5th and 8th AH / 11th and 14th AD centuries. The central research problem lies in analyzing how these commercial networks evolved from mere logistical routes for exchanging material commodities—such as gold and salt—into active "channels of acculturation" and social tools for merging diverse ethnic components within this vast geographical region. By employing an analytical historical method based on classical travelers' accounts, combined with socio-historical and anthropological approaches, the study highlights the spatial and social spheres generated by this commercial movement. The study finds that trade created what can be termed a "hybrid space" or "culture of the road," a civilizational state that transcended narrow tribal identities in favor of a shared Islamic-African identity. The paper reveals that this cohesion was achieved through three primary structural mechanisms: First, strategic intermarriage between arriving Northern traders (Arabs and Berbers) and local populations (Soninke and Mandingo), which produced a middle social class that dissolved ethnic boundaries. Second, the adoption of Maliki jurisprudence as a governing legal framework for transactions, providing a "contractual constitution" that ensured the rights of both foreigners and locals alike, thereby reducing tribal conflicts. Third, the pivotal role played by the "Wangara" elite and merchant-scholars as cultural mediators who transmitted and integrated Islamic ethical values into the local social fabric. The study concludes that the social cohesion resulting from these networks was not a mere side effect but rather the fundamental pillar and solid foundation for the political power and civilizational stability of the Ghana and Mali Empires. Consequently, the research demonstrates that medieval West Africa provided a unique historical model of peaceful coexistence and integration based on shared economic interests and legislative unity.
La compétence interculturelle dans les manuels d'enseignement de FLE : étude analytique d'Alter Ego+ A1
Cet article propose une réflexion théorique sur le manuel d’enseignement des langues étrangères, il donne un aperçu des problèmes liés à l’utilisation des manuels scolaires et manuels dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères et de l’impact de ces problèmes sur l’éducation.En effet, La majorité des manuels de FLE sont conçus par des auteurs dont l’origine est française et édités par des maisons d’édition françaises. Ces manuels du FLE s’adressent à tout apprenant projetant d’acquérir des compétences linguistiques et culturelles, abstraction faite de ses origines culturelles, de son identité et sa personnalité. Le manuel de FLE, comme tout manuel d’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère édité dans le pays de la langue cible, est un outil « passe-partout » conçu dans un but commercial, propagandiste pour une culture donnée si un emploi réflexif de ce manuel n’en est pas fait « aucun manuel n’est vraiment adapté, fonctionnel pour une classe, pour un public donné » (Francis, Debyser. 1973. 1). Les contenus thématiques véhiculés par le manuel du FLE supposent l’introduction des valeurs culturelles d’un peuple d’une nation en vue de faire acquérir aux apprenants des compétences linguistiques à travers des contenus véhiculant des valeurs culturelles. C’est dans cette perspective que nous nous interrogeons sur la place accordée à la compétence interculturelle dans le manuel Alter ego+ A1 qui est le corpus de notre recherche.
Challenges of practicing investigative journalism in the digital environment: A field study on a sample of Libyan journalists
This study aims to analyze the reality of investigative journalism in Libya amid digital transformations and explore the professional, legal, and ethical challenges faced by journalists in the Tripoli media environment. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and a field study of (35) journalists from various Libyan media outlets, the research examines the impact of the digital environment on investigative practices. The findings indicate that Libyan media institutions do not prioritize investigative journalism, suffering from a lack of funding, administrative support, and specialized teams. While there is growing public interest and high ethical commitment among practitioners, the field faces significant hurdles, including weak legal protections, security threats, and difficulties in verifying digital information. The study concludes that developing this field requires institutional strengthening, specialized training, and legislative reforms to ensure information freedom and journalist safety.
The Rising Turkish Role: The "Blue Homeland" Strategy and the Impact of Turkish Maritime Ambitions on Relations with Eastern Mediterranean Countries
This research examines the escalating Turkish geopolitical role in the Eastern Mediterranean through the lens of the "Blue Homeland" (Mavi Vatan) strategy. It analyzes the transformation of Turkish foreign policy from a continental focus to a maritime sovereignty-based doctrine. The study explores the intellectual and legal foundations of this strategy, highlighting the friction with international law and the "Seville Map." Furthermore, it investigates the role of domestic military industrialization, specifically the MİLGEM project and drone technology, in establishing a new "Status Quo." Finally, the paper assesses the impact of these maritime ambitions on regional alliances with key factors such as Greece, Cyprus, and Egypt, concluding that Turkey's maritime power has reshaped regional diplomacy from confrontation toward a complex realism.
Phytochemical Profiling screening and Evaluation of Their Multi-target Biological Potentials of Catha edulis Ethanolic Extract
Catha edulis (Khat) is a perennial shrub widely recognized for its psychostimulant properties due to its alkaloid content. However, its non-alkaloidal secondary metabolites and their therapeutic potential remain significantly under-explored. This study aimed to characterize the polyphenolic profile of C. edulis ethanolic extracts and evaluate their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial activities in vitro. Phytochemical fingerprinting via HPLC-DAD revealed a rich composition of flavonoids and tannins, primarily quercetin-3-O-galactoside and epigallocatechin. The extract exhibited potent radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.2 pm 0.5 mu g/mL in DPPH assay) and exceptional inhibitory effects against alpha-glucosidase (IC50 = 42.5 pm 1.2 mu g/mL), outperforming the clinical drug Acarbose. Furthermore, significant antibacterial activity was observed against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide compelling evidence for the pharmaceutical potential of C. edulis in managing oxidative stress and metabolic disorders, advocating for its use as a source of bioactive natural products.
A Biochemical Study on the Effect of Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts of Plantago ovata Leaves in Inhibiting the Growth of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of Plantago ovata leaves against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, specifically S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli. A comparative analysis was conducted between aqueous and alcoholic (70% ethanol) extraction efficiencies. The results revealed a qualitative superiority of the alcoholic extract in recovering phenolic compounds and iridoid glycosides (Aucubin and Catalpol). The alcoholic extract achieved a maximum inhibition zone of 22 mm against S. aureus, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 31.25 μg/mL. The study concludes that the synergistic effect of phytochemical constituents works by destabilizing the bacterial cell membrane and inhibiting DNA replication enzymes, offering promising prospects for developing natural adjunct therapies to conventional antibiotics.
The Role of English Literature in Enhancing Speaking Skills among EFL University Students
This study investigates the role of teaching English literature in enhancing students’ speaking skills, focusing on how literary texts can be used to promote oral communication in English. The research addresses the persistent challenge of limited oral proficiency among English as a foreign language (EFL) learner, who often struggle with fluency and confidence despite having adequate linguistic knowledge. The study adopts a descriptive analytical method to explore how literature-based instructional strategies, such as discussions, debates, and role-plays, provide authentic communicative opportunities. For data collection, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of (20) university teachers of English language at Omdurman Ahalia University, chosen randomly to ensure representative perspectives. The findings reveal a strong consensus among educators regarding the pedagogical value of literature; 95% of respondents agreed that teaching literary styles and fiction develops diverse speaking techniques and creative expression. The results validate the hypothesis that integrating literature into language teaching significantly contributes to the holistic development of speaking skills by blending creativity with communication. Ultimately, the study provides insights for teachers to implement literature as a vital tool for fostering linguistic and cognitive growth in the EFL classroom.
Investigation of Phytochemical contents and antibacterial behavior of Ecballium Elaterium L extracts
Abstract: This study investigated the effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of wild cucumber (Ecbalium elaterium L.) against four bacterial genera: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli, using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, coumarins, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols. The results showed that antibacterial activity varied based on the extract type and concentration. The highest inhibitory activity for aqueous extracts was observed in the stem against P. vulgaris and in the leaves against S. typhimurium. The alcoholic extract of the fruit juice at concentrations of 25%, 40%, 60%, and 100% exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extract, with inhibition zones ranging from 8 to 14 mm. Notably, lower concentrations (25% and 40%) of the alcoholic extract were more effective than higher concentrations (60% and 100%). Overall, the disc diffusion method yielded more significant results than the well diffusion method.
A study of learned helplessness among students of the Faculty of Education at Bani Walid University
The present study investigated the phenomenon of learned helplessness among a sample of students at the Faculty of Education, Bani Walid University, during the academic year 2024-2025. The primary objective was to assess the prevailing levels of learned helplessness and explore potential statistically significant differences attributable to gender and academic specialization. To achieve these goals, the researcher utilized the descriptive analytical method, which is well-suited for examining psychological and educational phenomena within university settings. The study population consisted of 702 students, from which a stratified random sample of 140 male and female students was selected from both scientific and literary departments. Data collection was conducted using the Learned Helplessness Scale developed by Hanan Ahmed Daher (2014), which comprises 26 items distributed across three dimensions: internal-external, stability-instability, and globality-specificity. The scale’s psychometric properties were verified, demonstrating high internal consistency and reliability. Results indicated that students at the Faculty of Education experience a noticeable level of learned helplessness. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were observed based on gender, with male students exhibiting higher levels of learned helplessness than their female counterparts. Significant differences were also identified regarding academic specialization, revealing that students in literary departments suffer more from learned helplessness compared to those in scientific departments. These findings suggest a need for targeted psychological interventions and counseling programs to enhance student motivation and academic resilience.
Semantic Expansion of the Root (S-K-N) in the Holy Quran: A Contextual Analytical Study
Abstract This research aims to study the phenomenon of semantic expansion in the Holy Quran, describing it as one of the stylistic and semantic phenomena that have contributed to enriching the Arabic language and its ability to express precise and evolving meanings. This was achieved through a study of the root (S-K-N) and its derivatives. The research revealed that this root generally refers to a single meaning, which is stillness and absence of movement. However, the Holy Quran has given this root diverse connotations, including metaphorical and specific meanings. This diversity opens the door to further comparative semantic studies between linguistic and Quranic usage to uncover these phenomena.
Quantitative Assessment of Energy Efficiency and Range Variability in Electric Vehicles: A Meta-Analysis of Published Experimental Studies (2023-2025)
This meta-analysis examines over twenty studies and datasets from 2023-2025 on electric vehicle (EV) energy efficiency and driving range. We quantify how factors like battery capacity, vehicle class, driving speed, and ambient temperature affect EV performance. Key findings include a strong positive correlation between battery size and range. On average, EVs are about 4.4 times more efficient than comparable gasoline cars on mixed driving cycles, and up to 5.1 times more efficient in city driving. Real-world tests often show EV ranges 5-20% above official EPA estimates, although some large heavy vehicles (e.g. pickup trucks) achieve less than predicted. City driving yields lower consumption (e.g. ~14 kWh/100 km) than highway driving (~18 kWh/100 km), reflecting greater regen and lower speeds. Extreme cold greatly reduces range: one study found up to 50% range loss at -10 °C. Our analysis also highlights how performance varies by vehicle class: buses and trucks consume on the order of 80-180 kWh/100 km, far exceeding cars and SUVs. The results suggest EV technology already offers significant efficiency gains, but actual range depends strongly on conditions and use. These findings can inform consumers and policymakers on realistic range expectations and areas for improvement.
High-Temperature Superconductors: Recent Advances in Mechanisms and Persistent Challenges
This review synthesizes cutting-edge developments in high-temperature superconductivity (HTS), focusing on unresolved pairing mechanisms and technological hurdles. Since the discovery of cuprates (1986), iron-based superconductors (2008), and record-breaking hydrides (Tc ≈ 288 K at 267 GPa), HTS research has expanded dramatically. Despite progress, a unified theory for unconventional pairing in cuprates and iron-based systems remains elusive. We analyze competing mechanisms—spin/orbital fluctuations, phonon-mediated interactions, and intertwined orders—highlighting the pseudogap phase enigma in cuprates. Recent breakthroughs include room-temperature hydrides, nickelate superconductors, and interface-engineered systems. However, persistent challenges include material heterogeneity, vortex pinning limitations, grain boundary issues in practical conductors, and the quest for ambient-pressure room-temperature superconductivity. Bridging fundamental theory with materials engineering is crucial for transformative applications.
Antimicrobial Polymers: Mechanisms of Action and Applications in Combating Antibiotic Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a catastrophic threat to global health, necessitating innovative alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial polymers (AMPs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their broad-spectrum activity, reduced resistance development, and multifunctionality. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms of action of AMPs—including membrane disruption, intracellular targeting, and biofilm inhibition—and their applications in medical devices, coatings, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems. Challenges such as toxicity, environmental impact, and scalability are critically evaluated, alongside future directions for clinical translation. The integration of AMPs into antimicrobial stewardship strategies offers a viable pathway to mitigate AMR.
Review Study on the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Canned Tuna
Canned tuna is a popular seafood product consumed worldwide, but concerns have been raised about the potential contamination of heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium. This review aims to synthesize the current knowledge on the concentration of heavy metals in canned tuna, their sources, analytical methods used for detection, and the potential health implications for consumers. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and studies from various regions were analyzed to provide a global perspective on the issue. The findings indicate that while some canned tuna products contain heavy metals within acceptable limits, there are instances where concentrations exceed regulatory standards, particularly for mercury. The review also highlights the need for continued monitoring and regulation to ensure the safety of canned tuna for human consumption.
Determination of some heavy metal content in orange juices consumed in Libya
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used to assess the amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Fe in ten samples of two separate types of orange juice. Both juices contained amounts of copper and iron, and one sample had a cadmium concentration. Juices marketed in Libya have a metal concentration below the acceptable limits established by health organizations. Although commercially available fruit juices are safe worldwide, more risk-based monitoring research has to be done to reduce exposure to harmful metals from fruit juice sources.