Impact of Chronic Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiation on Hematological Parameters and Oxidative Homeostasis in Albino Rats

Abstract

The rapid expansion of wireless telecommunication has led to ubiquitous environmental exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), raising significant concerns regarding their long-term biological safety. This investigation was meticulously designed to evaluate the hematological repercussions and redox equilibrium disruptions in a murine model following prolonged exposure to mobile-emitted radiation. For this purpose, twenty male Albino rats were randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to a 900–1800 MHz electromagnetic field, emitted by a commercial mobile phone in active calling mode, for six hours daily over a continuous 60-day duration. The animals were maintained in a controlled laboratory environment within a perforated Plexiglas chamber to ensure adequate ventilation. Following the exposure period, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to analyze cytological variations and biochemical markers of oxidative damage. The results of the study revealed significant deviations in the hematological profile of the exposed rats compared to the sham-exposed controls. Specifically, data analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and Total Erythrocyte Count (RBC). Conversely, a marked elevation in Total Leucocyte Count (WBC) was observed, suggesting a systemic inflammatory response to chronic radiation. Furthermore, the biochemical assessment indicated a distinct shift in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, characterized by a prominent increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which serves as a critical marker for lipid peroxidation. This was accompanied by a significant depletion in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, specifically Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Microscopic examination of blood films also revealed morphological alterations such as echinocytes, indicating membrane damage. In conclusion, chronic exposure to mobile phone frequencies serves as a potential trigger for hematological instability and systemic oxidative stress, necessitating stricter guidelines regarding prolonged device proximity.