Design and Implementation of a CNC Numerical Control System Using Arduino Microcontroller

Abstract

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is one of the most widely used machines in modern industries. Many tasks requiring repetitive movements or operations have been replaced by CNC machines rather than human labor, as human focus decreases over time while machines maintain consistent product quality and quantity throughout continuous operation. However, the cost of industrial CNC machines is very high, making them unsuitable for small-scale projects or home use. This project aims to design a low-cost CNC machine based on Arduino capable of performing drawing operations according to user-defined scale. This low-cost machine was developed to be suitable for small businesses and home use. The machine was implemented at a total cost of 570 Libyan Dinars and was practically tested by drawing various geometric shapes and texts. Results showed acceptable accuracy of up to ±0.2 mm with smooth motion and fast motor response. The machine was calibrated, its settings adjusted, and potential issues such as X-axis direction reversal were analyzed with appropriate solutions proposed.