Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS)
Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS) (ISSN: 3106-0323) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Dhat Al-imad University in Libya. Our journal is committed to publishing high-quality, original research that spans a wide range of disciplines within both the humanities and applied sciences. AJHAS publishes two issues per year, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their work and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Vision To be a leading scientific platform for disseminating innovative and impactful research that addresses local and global challenges in the humanities and applied sciences. Mission To provide an accessible and rigorous platform for researchers to publish their scholarly work, foster academic dialogue, and advance interdisciplinary knowledge across various fields of study. Objectives Promote Research: Encourage and publish high-quality research from diverse academic fields. Support Open Access: Provide free and unrestricted access to all published articles, promoting the global exchange of knowledge. Foster Dialogue: Create a forum for intellectual exchange and collaboration among researchers. For more information, you can visit our website or contact us via email at editor@al-imadjournal.ly or WhatsApp at +218925574772.
The Feasibility of Utilizing Digital Twin Technology to Improve Infrastructure Management in Libyan Cities:(A Case Study of Al-Bayda City)
This study aims to analyze and evaluate the potential of Digital Twin (DT) technology in enhancing infrastructure management within Libyan cities, focusing on Al-Bayda as a case study. The research investigates the pivotal role of DT in optimizing planning, operation, maintenance, and decision-making for critical infrastructure, including water, transportation, energy, and urban systems. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilizes a descriptive-analytical review of existing literature alongside a field survey targeting specialists and experts in Al-Bayda. The survey measured the current level of knowledge, assessed practical applicability, and identified key obstacles hindering implementation. The results demonstrate that DT technology provides a dynamic, high-fidelity simulation model capable of facilitating proactive management. The findings conclude that adopting DT technology represents a promising strategic opportunity for Libyan cities to transition towards sustainability and smart infrastructure. However, this potential is contingent upon the establishment of a supportive digital environment, primarily through the availability of open data, the development of robust digital infrastructure, and the enactment of national legislation and regulatory standards to govern adoption and operational processes. Consequently, the study emphasizes the necessity of an integrated approach to overcome existing challenges, including the digital divide, lack of technical expertise, and financial limitations, to effectively leverage this technology for urban development.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Human Resource Management Strategies in Achieving Competitive Advantage: An Applied Study on Hatif Libya Company – Bani Walid Branch
This study aimed to examine the role of human resource management (HRM) strategies in achieving competitive advantage within Hatif Libya Company, Bani Walid branch. The research addressed the importance of human capital as a strategic resource that enhances organizational performance, improves service quality, and strengthens the ability to face competitive challenges. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study utilized a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a sample of 20 employees and managers. The research focused on key HRM strategies, including recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and incentives, and performance appraisal, and evaluated their impact on competitive advantage dimensions such as service quality, operational efficiency, innovation, and customer satisfaction. The study concluded that there is a positive, statistically significant relationship between HRM strategies and achieving competitive advantage. These strategies contributed to improving performance levels, developing employee skills, and increasing creativity, which positively reflected on service quality and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the results emphasized the importance of adopting an integrated strategic vision for HRM aligned with the organization’s goals. The study recommended enhancing training and development programs, refining incentive and performance appraisal systems, and focusing on attracting and retaining high-quality human talent to ensure institutional excellence and competitive sustainability in the telecommunications sector.
Comparative Efficacy of Intranasal Corticosteroids, Structured Olfactory Training, and Olfactory Cleft Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in Isolated Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction
Background: Post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is a common disorder which often persists for long durations with limited effective treatment options. Currently, intranasal corticosteroids (INCs) and olfactory training (OT) demonstrate modest therapeutic efficacy, while regenerative approaches such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have recently emerged as promising interventions. Objective: To compare the efficacy of INCs, structured OT, and olfactory cleft PRP injection in improving olfactory function in patients with isolated PVOD. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial included 135 patients with persistent PVOD. Those were randomly allocated into three groups; Group1: INCs alone (n=45), INCs combined with OT (n=45), and combined therapy including INCs, OT, and PRP injection (n=45). Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks Threshold–Discrimination–Identification (TDI) score, while subjective improvement was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Assessments were conducted at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: All groups showed significant improvement in olfactory function over time. However, the level of improvement varied significantly between groups (p < 0.001). The mean TDI score increased by 5.7 ± 2.8 in the INCs group, 11.3 ± 3.4 in the INCs plus OT group, and 16.7 ± 3.9 in the PRP combination group. Clinically significant improvement (≥6-point increase in TDI) was achieved in 40.0%, 64.4%, and 80.0% of patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Normosmia was restored in 20.0%, 37.8%, and 53.3% of patients, respectively. Subjective VAS scores also improved significantly, showing better improvement observed in the PRP group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Combined therapy including INCs, OT, and PRP injection provides better improvements in both objective and subjective olfactory outcomes compared with conventional therapies alone. These findings support a multimodal therapeutic approach targeting both inflammation and neuroregeneration in the management of PVOD.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research paper discusses the obligation of Zakat on trade goods, highlighting its significance as a financial, social, and economic pillar in Islam. It emphasizes its role in purifying the wealth of the rich, achieving social solidarity, and stimulating economic activity by discouraging hoarding and encouraging investment. The research explores the definitions of Zakat and trade goods linguistically and terminologically, and discusses the jurisprudential variation regarding the obligation of Zakat on trade goods; the majority of scholars, including the four Imams, affirm its obligation, citing evidence from the Holy Quran, the Sunnah, and the practices of the Companions, while the Zahiris argue against its obligation. The paper concludes by supporting the view of the majority, asserting that Zakat on trade goods is mandatory to resolve the dispute and follow the most cautious path, while reviewing its conditions, which include full ownership, the intention of trade, reaching the nisab (minimum threshold), and the passage of a full lunar year. Furthermore, the paper addresses the practical methodology for calculating this Zakat, emphasizing that valuation should be conducted at the end of the lunar year based on the wholesale price at which goods are sold in the market, while adding liquid cash and recoverable debts to the Zakat base, and paying 2.5% (one-quarter of the tenth), with the possibility of paying Zakat in kind if it is more beneficial for the poor. In conclusion, the author recommends conducting broader studies on this subject due to its wide-ranging contemporary commercial applications and diverse assets, stressing the importance of a precise understanding of these rulings to ensure the performance of this obligation in the correct legal manner.
Mtizamo Wa Kijamii Na Kinafsi Katika Wimbo Wa Nitarejea Wa Nasib Abdul
Mada ya makala haya ni kuchunguza masuala ya kijamii na kinafsi katika nyimbo za Bongo Fleva kwa kutumia data kutoka katika wimbo wa (Nitarejea) wa msanii maarufu Nasib Abdul (Diamond Platnumz). wametumia mbinu ya usomaji makini katika kukusanya data, na kuzichambua kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimaelezo na Nadharia ya Saikolojia Changanuzi inayofungamanishwa na mazingira ya kijamii, kiuchumi, na kihistoria-nafsi, Makala yamebaini kwamba wimbo huu unajumuisha misingi muhimu ya kijamii inayofungamana na uwajibikaji katika kazi, masuala ya kifamilia na uzazi, kukabiliana na ugonjwa na kifo, pamoja na msukumo wa kiimani chini ya shinikizo la hali ngumu ya maisha.
Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Tilia cordata Against Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) has necessitated the search for alternative therapeutic agents derived from natural plants. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tilia cordata (linden) against clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant E. coli obtained from UTIs. A total of 30 clinical isolates were collected from urine samples of patients diagnosed with UTIs. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method against commonly used antibiotics including ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and imipenem. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of T. cordata aqueous and ethanolic extracts were determined using the broth microdilution method, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were assessed via subculturing on Mueller-Hinton agar. Phytochemical screening of both extracts was conducted using standard qualitative methods. Results revealed that 86.7% (26/30) of isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotic classes, classified as MDR. The ethanolic extract exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extract, with MIC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 mg/mL, while the aqueous extract showed MICs between 6.25 and 25 mg/mL. The MBC/MIC ratio indicated a bactericidal effect for the ethanolic extract against 73% of tested isolates. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds in both extracts, with higher concentrations in the ethanolic extract. These findings suggest that T. cordata ethanolic extract possesses significant inhibitory activity against MDR E. coli isolates, supporting its potential as a natural alternative or adjunctive therapy for UTIs. Further in vivo studies and toxicity assessments are recommended.
Job Satisfaction Among Kindergarten Teachers in Bani Walid: A Field Study
The current research aims to identify the job satisfaction level among kindergarten teachers in the city of Bani Walid. To achieve this objective, the researcher employed the descriptive-analytical method, which is considered the most appropriate approach for the study. The research sample consisted of (60) teachers selected randomly. A job satisfaction scale was utilized as the primary instrument for data collection. The study reached several significant results; most notably, there is a high level of professional and social satisfaction among the teachers, while satisfaction regarding material and financial aspects remains weak. Furthermore, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences in job satisfaction based on marital status or years of experience, and academic qualifications did not significantly influence job satisfaction levels. Based on these results, the research provides several recommendations, primarily the necessity of reviewing financial incentives and reward systems to enhance the overall job satisfaction and professional stability of kindergarten teachers.
Environmental Radiological Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Around Al-Fatai’h Cement Plant in Derna, Libya
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in the environment originate mainly from primordial radionuclides associated with the uranium- (²³⁸U) and thorium- (²³²Th) decay series, in addition to naturally occurring potassium- (⁴⁰K) present in geological formations and soils. Artificial radionuclides such as Cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) and Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) may also be detected in soils, food products, and building materials as a result of radioactive fallout and anthropogenic activities. This study presents the results of a field investigation of natural background radiation levels in agricultural and residential areas surrounding the Al-Fatai’h Cement Plant in Derna , Libya , the surveyed area extended from the coastal highway bridge through the dry valley adjacent to the road leading to the cement plant, up to the satellite district area The study also included raw material quarries, storage hangars, crushers, silos, and residential areas for plant staff. A total of 190 environmental and industrial samples were collected and analyzed using direct gamma-ray spectrometry with a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The results showed relatively similar average activity concentrations of radionuclides within each location, with generally low overall natural radiation levels despite geological variations. However, elevated concentrations of Potassium-40 were observed across most sampling sites. This study evaluates the natural radioactivity levels of Potassium-40; Thorium-232; Radium-226 in different locations. The absorbed dose rate (D) and annual effective dose (AED) were calculated using standard radiological conversion factors. The results showed that the absorbed dose rate (D) ranged from 11.92 to 28.16 nGy/h, while the annual effective dose (AED) ranged from 0.015 to 0.035 mSv/y, with mean values of 20.79 nGy/h and 0.026 mSv/y, respectively. These values are lower than the worldwide average values reported by UNSCEAR (59 nGy/h for D and 0.07 mSv/y for AED), indicating that the studied area does not present significant radiological risk. Higher values were observed in mining and industrial-related locations such as Southern Raw Material Processing Area and Crusher & Storage, which may be attributed to elevated concentrations of natural radionuclides in these areas. Overall, all measured values remain within internationally recommended radiological limits, suggesting that the area is radiologically safe for public exposure.
Effect of Organic Fertilization Levels on Growth and Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Environmental Conditions of Al-Bayda Region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya
This study investigated the effect of organic fertilization levels on the growth and productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the Al-Bayda region, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya, during the 2025 growing season. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of organic fertilizer: a control (0), 15 tons/hectare, and 25 tons/hectare. The study aimed to determine the optimal fertilization rate to enhance crop growth and yield. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments. The 25 tons/hectare treatment consistently outperformed others, recording the highest plant height (37.80 cm), seed count per plant (45.11), seed weight per plant (33.11 g), biological yield (3225.44 kg/hectare), grain yield (1276.44 kg/hectare), and harvest index (39.57%). Conversely, the 15 tons/hectare treatment produced the highest straw yield (2006.10 kg/hectare). It is concluded that the 25 tons/hectare application is the most effective level for maximizing key agronomic traits and overall productivity under the specified environmental conditions.
Effect of some essential plant oils , fungicides and inducer resistance chemicals on managing peas downy mildew in Libya
The inhibitory effect of the essential plant oils (EPOs) of cinnamon, citronella, clove, rosemary and thyme, the fungicides Dithan M-45, Kocide 200, Folio-Gold, Privicur-Enargy and Ridomil Gold-MZ and the inducer resistance chemicals (IRCs) , Bion (BTH), chitosan and salicylic acid, on sporangial germination of the fungus like Peronospoa viciae (Berk.) Casp. f. sp. pisi Sydow (formerly P. pisi), the causal of pea downy mildew, was investigated in vitro. The role of the tested materials on management of pea downy mildew was, also, evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The inhibitory effect of the tested EPOs, fungicides and IRCs on sporangial germination of P.viciae f. sp. pisi showed that they caused significant reduction to the germinated sporangia compared with control treatment. In this concern, the tested fungicides were the most efficient ones followed by the EPOs then IRCs. Management of the disease showed the same trend of in vitro assessment when they sprayed on artificially inoculated pea plants with the sporangial inoculum of the pathogen under greenhouse conditions. The reduction in the severity of the infection by pea downy mildew was reflected on the estimated crop parameters, photosynthesis pigments, and percentages of total nitrogen and total crude protein, which considerable increase was recorded due to the treatment with the teste EPOs, fungicides and IRCs.
Fungicides and Inducer resistance chemicals
Evaluating the Suitability of UML for Modeling Inventory Control Systems: A Case Study
This study evaluates the suitability of Unified Modeling Language (UML) for modeling business processes, focusing on inventory control systems. A case study of the inventory control system at Elmergib Cement Factory in Libya is used to demonstrate how UML diagrams represent real-world processes. Various UML diagrams, including use case, activity, class, and sequence diagrams, are applied to capture functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of the system. The results indicate that UML provides a clear, flexible, and structured modeling approach that improves understanding and communication among stakeholders. However, limitations are observed in modeling complex processes and the lack of business specific constructs compared to BPMN. The study concludes that UML is a suitable and effective tool for modeling inventory control systems when multiple diagram types are used together.
Semantic Nuances of Fellowship Terms in the Holy Qur’an: A Lexico-Contextual Approach
This research investigates the Semantic Nuances of Fellowship Terms in the Holy Qur’an through a lexico-contextual approach. It aims to elucidate the subtle linguistic distinctions that differentiate the terms (Al-Khalil, Al-Rafiq, Al-Sadiq, Al-Sahib, Al-Qarin, and Al-Khadan). The study concludes that the selection of each specific term serves a precise semantic purpose, accounting for the degrees of proximity, the nature of companionship, and the essence of the relationship between the parties. Such meticulous precision reflects the Qur’anic inimitability (I’jaz) in employing the most fitting lexical item within its optimal context.
Measuring The Influence Of Integrative Motivation AndInstrumental Motivation: An Empirical study
Background: This research paper is trying to measure the influence of instrumental and integrative motivation in the process of learning English language as a second language. This measurement were done by applying a questionnaire (likert scale) on a group of English language learners from different majors and different countries. However, the measurements were sharing very close results, no vital differences between the two types, as well as the results show that both types have very effective influence in learning a second language. Aims: to measure the impact of the integrative & instrumental motivations. Methods: the data were collected by a questionnaire (Likert type), Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Both instrumental motivation and integrative scales demonstrated good reliability, α = .84. Results: the results showed that both types influenced the learning process (learning a second language), as well as they illustrated no vital differences between the two types of motivations. These results suggest that participants in this study demonstrated similar levels of instrumental Motivation and integrative Motivation, with no meaningful statistical difference between them. Conclusion: presents that both types of motivation are very important and can influence the process of learning a second language.
Substance Use Patterns and Rehabilitation Outcomes among Residents of Iraqi Rehabilitation Centers: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Institutional Records from 2024 to 2025
This study aims to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of residents in rehabilitation centers in Iraq, analyses patterns of substance use, and compare a number of therapeutics, neurofunctional and laboratory outcome indicators between 2024 and 2025, within the framework of a scientific review highlighting the practical value of neurobiochemistry in supporting youth rehabilitation programs. The study adopted a review, descriptive, analytical and comparative design, and was based on the complete institutional records of residents registered at rehabilitation centers affiliated with the relevant directorate, totaling 10,246 records, of which 4,827 were from 2024 and 5,419 from 2025. The results showed a 12.3% increase in the total number of residents, with a clear concentration of cases in younger age groups, particularly those aged between 25 and 30 and 30 and 35. The treatment landscape was dominated by amphetamine-type stimulants, of which the largest proportion was crystal methamphetamine, with relatively small proportions of Captagon, and smaller proportions of other substances. Regarding treatment outcomes, program adherence increased from 68% to 84%, program completion increased from 61% to 79%, the 6-month relapse rate decreased from 34% to 18% and the proportion of people returning to work or study increased from 42% to 67%. In addition, there was a general trend of improvement in the neurofunctional and laboratory parameters, such as the executive function, the regulation of stress, the balance of the reward circuits, the stability of sleep, recovery of the liver and kidneys, blood sugar control, and a decrease in Helicobacter pylori positivity. Within the scope of methodological interpretation, these results indicate that the effects of integrated rehabilitation programmes are not restricted to the reduction of drugs or alcohol use or to control of overt behavior but are also extended to other fields related to occupational stability, social integration, and some health parameters which are conducive to recovery. The study highlights the need for rehabilitation and aftercare systems, especially in the context of high prevalence of stimulant use disorders amongst young people and of the burden of the disorder in this age group.
Activating the Role of Volunteer Work among Secondary School Students to Reduce Some Deviant (Unethical) Behaviors from the Perspective of Social Workers
This study aims to highlight the role of volunteer work as an effective educational and social strategy within educational institutions, specifically at the secondary education level, to reduce deviant or unethical behaviors that may emerge among students. The research seeks to explore the effectiveness of integrating volunteer activities into the school environment and its positive reflection on the educational and pedagogical process, with a particular focus on the pivotal role played by the social worker in promoting and spreading volunteer values among students, faculty, and staff. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as a methodological framework to accomplish this study, relying on the comprehensive survey method for the research population, represented by social workers employed in secondary schools in the Janzour municipality. Data were collected, analyzed, and interpreted to reach accurate results that serve the research objectives. The study reached a set of results that confirm the importance of volunteer work in refining students' personalities, channeling their energy into positive paths that contribute to modifying their behaviors, and fostering a sense of responsibility toward their community and school, in addition to strengthening professional and social bonds among the active parties in the school. In light of these results, the researcher presented a number of practical recommendations and proposals aimed at activating volunteer work mechanisms and developing the role of the social worker to be more effective in facing contemporary behavioral challenges so as to achieve a safe school environment that stimulates learning and development.
The required professional training needs for secondary school teachers under the Qarabulli Education Authority in light of modern scientific developments and advancements
This study aims to identify the professional training needs of secondary school teachers in light of contemporary changes and developments, specifically in the following areas: theoretical knowledge and information related to the professional aspect; lesson planning in each teacher's specialization; effective teaching methods, techniques, and strategies; the use of interactive whiteboards in teaching; student achievement assessment; student interaction during instruction; and statistically significant differences attributable to the study variables: experience, academic qualifications, and gender. The study used an electronic questionnaire to collect data, which was administered to a sample of 175 secondary school teachers from the Qarabulli Education Authority. The study recommends utilizing its findings to implement and activate the identified professional training needs in in-service training programs. These programs should contribute to raising the level of teachers and developing their performance in line with educational advancements. Furthermore, the study recommends revising teacher preparation and training programs by subjecting them to continuous evaluation and development processes to meet contemporary needs and requirements.
Toxicity Efficacy of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Against Cotton Aphid (Aphis gossypii) on Pepper Crop (Capsicum annuum)
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a significant pest affecting pepper crops worldwide, causing substantial yield losses through direct feeding damage and virus transmission. The increasing concerns over synthetic pesticide resistance and environmental contamination have intensified the search for sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives. This study evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of methanolic leaf extracts from two medicinal plants—neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)—against A. gossypii under controlled laboratory conditions. Methanolic extraction was performed using the Soxhlet apparatus, and five concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, and 8.0% w/v) of each extract were tested against adult aphids using the leaf-dip bioassay method. Mortality was recorded at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-treatment, with distilled water serving as the negative control. The results demonstrated that both plant extracts exhibited significant concentration-dependent aphicidal activity. Neem extract showed superior toxicity, achieving 96.4% mortality at the highest concentration (8.0%) after 72 hours, with an LC₅₀ value of 1.82% w/v. Basil extract exhibited moderate efficacy, reaching 78.3% mortality at the same concentration, with an LC₅₀ value of 3.56% w/v. Basil extract, however, demonstrated faster initial action, with 24-hour mortality rates of 42.5% at 8.0% compared to 34.7% for neem at the same concentration and time point. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test revealed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that both neem and basil methanolic leaf extracts possess promising aphicidal properties, with neem demonstrating greater overall efficacy while basil offers more rapid initial knockdown effects. The study supports the potential integration of these botanical extracts into sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) programs for pepper cultivation, reducing reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and promoting environmentally responsible agricultural practices.
The Role of Cloud Computing in Enhancing Financial Performance and Improving the Quality of Financial Reporting: An Applied Study on Financial Institutions
This study aimed to investigate the role of cloud computing in improving financial management efficiency and enhancing the quality of financial reporting within organizations. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and was applied to a random sample of (200) participants from employees working in financial and information technology departments across several institutions. The findings revealed a high level of adoption of cloud computing applications, particularly in data storage and processing. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between the use of cloud computing and financial performance efficiency, as well as improvements in the speed and accuracy of financial reporting. The study recommended promoting the adoption of cloud technologies and providing the necessary infrastructure and training for employees, given their significant role in enhancing organizational performance and supporting financial decision-making.
The role of social work in addressing the social and psychological dimensions of kidney failure patients: An applied study on a sample of kidney failure patients in the city of Benghazi
This study aims to identify the role of social work in addressing the social and psychological dimensions associated with kidney failure. It seeks to analyze these dimensions, identify the prominent problems experienced by patients, and determine the professional intervention mechanisms of social work to mitigate their effects. Adopting a descriptive analytical approach, the study utilized a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection from a random sample of 150 kidney failure patients in Benghazi. The investigation focused on variables including social adjustment, family relationships, social support, psychological status, and level of adaptation to the disease. The findings revealed that a majority of patients suffer from poor social adjustment, difficulties in performing family roles, and a decline in social participation, consistent with literature indicating feelings of isolation. Additionally, the results showed a high prevalence of psychological disorders, specifically anxiety and depression, stemming from the chronic nature of the disease and continuous treatment. Conversely, the study demonstrated that social work interventions play a pivotal and positive role in improving patients' quality of life, enhancing social adjustment, strengthening family relationships, and mitigating psychological pressures. Based on these outcomes, the study recommends strengthening the role of social workers within dialysis centers, providing structured psychological and social support programs, organizing educational initiatives for patients' families, and activating recreational activities to reduce isolation.
The Impact of Action and Its Motives on Shaping the Dramatic Character: A Critical Reading of the Play Ammah
This study examines "Action and Its Motives in Building the Dramatic Character" as a core element shaping the theatrical text's artistic structure. It aims to reveal the relationship between dramatic action and psychological, social, and intellectual motives, demonstrating their impact on character development and text coherence. Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, establishing a theoretical framework for the dramatic character before applying it to the text of the play Ammah. This application includes evaluating characterization, physical, social, and psychological dimensions, the functional role of theatrical dialogue in character construction, and the influence of narrative events on character growth. The findings indicate that dramatic characters are not constructed merely through direct description or passive traits. Instead, they dynamically evolve through the intricate interaction of actions, underlying motives, dialogue, and dramatic events, which collectively expose their multi-layered internal and external dimensions. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the playwright's distinct success in employing historical and intellectual figures—specifically Omar Khayyam, Nizam al-Mulk, and Hassan-i Sabbah—symbolically around the central figure of the "Mother" to express universal contemporary human conflict. The dialogue and sequential events perform a vital role in advancing the dramatic conflict and tightening the text's structural unity. Ultimately, the study recommends expanding critical scholarship surrounding dramatic characters and urges researchers to focus on the systematic relationship between actions and motives within Arabic theatrical scripts to understand the underlying mechanisms of dramatic composition.
Job Burnout and its Relationship to the Quality of Professional Practice among Social Workers in Educational Institutions
This study aimed to identify the level of job burnout among social workers in educational institutions, determine the level of professional practice quality among social workers, and examine the nature of the relationship between job burnout and professional practice quality. It also sought to investigate differences in the levels of job burnout and professional practice quality according to certain demographic variables including age and years of experience. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical research design. To achieve its objectives, the Job Burnout Scale and the Professional Practice Quality Scale were administered to a purposive sample of 120 social workers under the Tripoli Center educational directorate, after verifying their psychometric properties. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS V.25. The results revealed that social workers experienced a high level of job burnout, with a mean score of 83.13 and a standard deviation of 14.6, which is higher than the hypothetical mean of 58. Conversely, they demonstrated a low level of professional practice quality, with a mean score of 9.95 and a standard deviation of 1.80, which is lower than the hypothetical mean of 13. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.845, p = 0.01) between job burnout and the quality of professional practice. Furthermore, the findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in job burnout levels attributable to age or years of experience.
The problem of the relationship between development and the culture existing in society
The research problem lies in the limitations of some development efforts, despite their breadth, due to incompatibility with prevailing cultural values or the absence of a supportive environment for the new culture. This raises questions about the nature of the relationship between culture and development and how to achieve harmony between them to ensure sustainable development. The research aimed to understand the nature of the relationship between culture and development in society, the reasons for the discrepancy between official perceptions of development and what individuals expect based on their culture and daily experiences, and to propose new approaches to community awareness aimed at disseminating a flexible and balanced development culture. The importance of the research stems from highlighting the close relationship between culture and development, and the role of values and societal behaviors in the success or failure of development efforts. It also helps in understanding the cultural factors influencing development policies, thus contributing to providing insights that can be used in formulating development programs. The researcher adopted a descriptive methodology and relied on obtaining information and facts from library sources such as references and other sources. The study concluded that culture determines the direction of development before it begins, as it became clear that society cannot move towards development unless its values and perceptions of work and change are consistent with this goal, and that development gradually reshapes culture over time, and that development moves to change people’s way of thinking and lifestyles, and that development and culture influence each other, and that developing awareness is part of the development process itself, and that the balance between authenticity and renewal is a basic requirement, and that development needs to be open to the world.
Determination of Iron Concentration in Drinking Water Using Visible Spectrophotometry
This research investigates the quantitative determination of iron concentrations in drinking water samples using visible spectrophotometry, specifically employing the 1,10-phenanthroline method. Iron is an essential micronutrient; however, elevated levels in drinking water led to aesthetic issues, such as metallic taste and reddish-brown staining, and may pose long-term health risks or indicate infrastructure corrosion. The primary objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of spectrophotometric analysis in detecting iron within the limits prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and local environmental standards. The methodology involved the formation of a stable, orange-red complex between ferrous iron (Fe2+) and 1,10-phenanthroline, measured at an absorption maximum of 510 nm. A comprehensive calibration curve was established, demonstrating high linearity (R2>0.99), which allowed for the precise quantification of iron in various water sources, including tap water and groundwater. The results indicated that while most samples remained within the recommended limit of 0.3 mg/L, certain groundwater sources exhibited higher concentrations, necessitating the implementation of sequestration or filtration techniques. The discussion evaluates the chemical interferences, such as the presence of phosphates or other heavy metals, and suggests protocols for sample pre-treatment to ensure analytical integrity. This paper concludes that visible spectrophotometry remains a robust, cost-effective, and highly reliable technique for routine water quality monitoring. It provides a foundation for developing sustainable water management strategies and emphasizes the importance of continuous chemical surveillance to safeguard public health and ensure the delivery of high-quality potable water.
MATUMIZI YA LUGHA YA TAMATHALI ZA SEMI KATIKA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI: MIFANO KUTOKA DIWANI YA MIDULU
Mada ya makala haya ni kuchunguza matumizi ya lugha ya tamathali za semi katika Diwani ya Midulu. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya Simiotiki yenye misimo ya Kihemenitiki, Kimatukio, Kiseme, Kiishara na Kiutamaduni. Data za makala haya zimekusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya usomaji makini na kuchambuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa kimaelezo. Matokeo ya makala haya yamebaini matumizi ya lugha za tamathali za tashibiha, sitiari, tashihisi, jazanda na lugha isiyokuwa ya tafsida.Ufundi wa kisanaa wa kutumika kwa mbinu hizi za tamathali za semi unamfanya mtafiti kuzielewa vizuri dhamira na maudhui ambayo yamefumbatwa katika mashairi ya Diwani ya Midulu.
Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement
The main objective of this work is to investigate the extent of which the stochastic mathematical modeling can explain differences in students' achievements and to quantify the effect of a number of educational and behavioral factors on their achievements (study hours, attendance, motivation, usage of educational technology and test anxiety). Mathematical model which can describe the students' achievements when uncertainty and random phenomena are considered has also been developed. Data from students' achievements were gathered, and were then analyzed using a methodology relying on data collection and statistical analysis by use of software like SPSS and MATLAB). The study used regression models as mathematical models to show dependence of a student’s achievement on a number of variables and used Monte Carlo simulation technique for modeling educational achievements by different methods. The model was validated and evaluated using different indicators of validation (MSE, RMSE, MAE and R2). In all cases most of variables included in study were shown to affect the student achievements statistically significant. The contribution of most significant factors like study hours, motivation and educational technology on increasing the achievement of a student is positive, whereas the test anxiety negatively affects the achievements of students significantly. The simulation results further showed that the stochastic mathematical model used can significantly account for the variation in achievement, and to provide a quite good prediction of student achievement. Recommendations for the use of mathematical modeling and stochastic simulation in education and decision making were made, as well as recommendations to promote development of data-based learning strategies for the aim of reducing differences between students and improving educational process quality.
Explanation of "Al-La’ali’ Al-Manthumah" (The Arranged Pearls) by Sheikh Dr. Faraj Ali Hussein Al-Faqih: Chapter of Altering God's Creation
This research paper provides a scholarly and jurisprudential explanation of the chapter "Altering God's Creation" from the didactic poem "Al-La’ali’ Al-Manthumah" by Sheikh Dr. Faraj Ali Hussein Al-Faqih. The study aims to clarify the legal boundaries of physical modifications in Islamic Sharia, distinguishing between prohibited acts and permissible medical interventions. The author begins by introducing the poet, Dr. Al-Faqih, an eminent Libyan scholar who has authored numerous works in Islamic law and language. The core of the research analyzes twenty-three verses of the poem, addressing contemporary issues through the lens of traditional jurisprudence. The analysis covers several critical areas, starting with the general prohibition of altering the human form for vanity, which is attributed to the influence of Satan as mentioned in the Quran. Specific practices discussed include hair extensions, eyelash extensions, tattooing, and the use of colored contact lenses for deception. The paper argues that these acts are generally prohibited (Haram) because they involve "Zoor" (falsehood) and "Tadlis" (deception), particularly when intended to mislead others regarding one's appearance. Conversely, the study details the exceptions where such modifications are permissible. These include the correction of congenital defects—such as a cleft lip—and the restoration of organs damaged by accidents or burns. The research relies on the legal maxim "Harm must be eliminated" and the principle that "Necessity renders the prohibited permissible". Furthermore, the paper highlights the legal liability of medical practitioners, stating that those who perform cosmetic surgeries without sufficient expertise or cause harm through negligence must be held accountable and provide compensation. The research concludes by emphasizing that true beauty lies in one's character and actions rather than superficial alterations, while reaffirming that Islamic law is flexible enough to accommodate genuine medical needs that improve a patient's quality of life.
USAWIRI CHANYA WA MWANAMKE KATIKA NYIMBO TEULE ZA TAARAB ZA BAKARI ABEID
Makala haya yanahusu usawiri chanya wa mwanamke katika nyimbo za taarab za Bakari Abeid. Lengo kuu la makala lilikuwa ni kutaka kuchunguza namna mwanamke anavyosawiriwa katika hali chanya katika nyimbo za taarab za msanii maarufu za nyimbo za taarab anayefahamika kwa jina la Bakari Abeid. Makala yalikusanya data kwa kutumia mbinu ya usomaji makini na kuchambuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimaelezo na nadharia ya Ufeministi. Usawiri chanya wa mwanamke katika nyimbo za taarab za Bakari Abeid umejitokeza katika maeneo ya mwanamke kiumbe mwenye umbo zuri, mwanamke kiumbe mwenye msimamo, mwanamke kiumbe mwenye mapenzi ya kweli na mwanamke ni mtunza siri.
Students' Attitudes Toward Their Professional Future in Light of Labor Market Variables: A Field Study on a Sample of Students from the Faculty of Health Sciences at Sirte University
This study aims to explore the attitudes of students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Sirte University, toward their professional future amidst digital transformations and rapid changes in the contemporary labor market. The research problem addresses the necessity for Libya's health sector to keep pace with global developments and digital services, evaluating the alignment of academic curricula with these requirements. Utilizing a descriptive approach and a questionnaire, the study was conducted on a random sample of 94 students specializing in Medical Laboratories, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Dental Technology. Results revealed a moderate level of alignment between academic preparation and labor market needs, with students perceiving a gap between theory and practice. Findings also indicated high levels of concern regarding employment challenges, such as limited government opportunities and the impact of economic conditions. Furthermore, students showed a clear preference for the public sector for its job security, despite recognizing the private sector's role in skill development.
Fractional Singular Coupled System: Existence Theory via Extended Leggett-Williams Theorem
In this paper, a very detailed existence theory is proposed for a coupled system of fractional differential equations with two competing cubic-root singularities. The system has two opposite nonlinear terms x^(-1/3) (repulsive) and x^(1/3) (restorative). It is a perfect example of a very delicate balance between two extremes that may even render analytical methods useless. We prove that there exist positive solutions with coupled fractional boundary conditions by combining three new and innovative methods: (1) a new version of the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem for nondifferentiable cubic-root nonlinearities, (2) a weighted cone factorization with concave-convex function pairs designed to model the singularities, and (3) a green's function with well-estimated error bounds. The analytical framework has been supported by a very exact numerical verification (error is below 0.1% ). Besides, the non-Newtonian fluid, plasma physics, and fractional-order reaction-diffusion systems are the examples where this work can be beneficial. First of all, this research settled a difficult issue raised by singular differential equations and, secondly, it sets a new standard of managing competing singularities in nonlinear analysis.
A 72-Hour Temperature Forecasting System for Benghazi Using LSTM and Random Forest Models
Accurate short-term temperature forecasting plays a critical role in urban climate management, energy optimization, and early warning systems. This study proposes a machine learning–based framework for 72-hour ahead maximum temperature prediction in Benghazi, Libya, using Random Forest (RF) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models. A five-year daily dataset (2021–2025), derived from ERA5 reanalysis and NOAA data, was used. A sliding window approach (30-day lookback) and chronological 80/20 train–test split ensured realistic forecasting conditions. Results show that LSTM outperforms RF with MAE = 1.25°C, RMSE = 1.82°C, and R² = 0.84. Statistical analysis confirms the significance of this improvement (p < 0.001). The proposed system demonstrates strong potential for short-term urban climate forecasting in Mediterranean environments.