Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS)
Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS) (ISSN: 3106-0323) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Dhat Al-imad University in Libya. Our journal is committed to publishing high-quality, original research that spans a wide range of disciplines within both the humanities and applied sciences. AJHAS publishes two issues per year, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their work and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Vision To be a leading scientific platform for disseminating innovative and impactful research that addresses local and global challenges in the humanities and applied sciences. Mission To provide an accessible and rigorous platform for researchers to publish their scholarly work, foster academic dialogue, and advance interdisciplinary knowledge across various fields of study. Objectives Promote Research: Encourage and publish high-quality research from diverse academic fields. Support Open Access: Provide free and unrestricted access to all published articles, promoting the global exchange of knowledge. Foster Dialogue: Create a forum for intellectual exchange and collaboration among researchers. For more information, you can visit our website or contact us via email at editor@al-imadjournal.ly or WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Grammatical and rhetorical interpretation of twenty Quranic verses containing disputed letters: an analytical study
This research presents an analytical and directional study of twenty Qur'anic verses characterized by differing letters across the ten canonical recitations. The study addresses multiple aspects for each verse, including syntactic parsing (I'rab), linguistic derivation of words back to their lexical roots, the semantic meaning of each recitation, and the general significance derived from synthesizing multiple recitations within a single verse to demonstrate how they complement and enrich the exegetical context. Furthermore, the research identifies rhetorical devices, derives legal rulings connected to recitation variants, and covers diverse categories of variance, such as differences in letters, inflectional and non-inflectional movements, and number (singular versus plural). The study concludes that the diversity of Qur'anic recitations is not contradictory, but rather a rich rhetorical and exegetical asset, where each recitation complements the other, granting the Qur'anic text expansive meaning and profound clarity while preserving its unified purpose.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimating the Family Consumption Function in the Libyan Economy: An Applied Study on Tawergha
This study aims to examine the reality of family consumption among social security pensioners in the city of Tawergha and to estimate their family consumption function for the year 2026. It seeks to investigate the relationship between income, family size, and consumer spending, and to measure the marginal propensity to consume, with the goal of understanding family consumption behavior and identifying the economic factors influencing it. This study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, first addressing the theoretical framework related to consumption behavior in Keynesian theory, alongside the quantitative econometric approach to estimate the consumption function for social security pensioners in Tawergha. Among the most prominent findings of the study is the existence of a positive relationship between income and consumption, as well as between family size and consumption. The marginal propensity to consume was found to be 0.76, indicating that 76% of any increase in income is directed toward consumption, while the remaining percentage is saved. The coefficient for family size reached (110.41), meaning that each additional family member leads to an increase of (110.41) dinars in monthly consumption. The coefficient of determination (R²) reached (76%), indicating that (76%) of the changes in consumption can be explained by changes in both income and family size, while (24%) of the changes are attributed to the effect of other factors not included in the current study. The correlation coefficient between consumption and income was (0.83), indicating a strong positive relationship between the two variables, whereas the correlation coefficient between consumption and family size was (0.39), indicating a weak positive relationship between them.
The Role of Kindergarten Teachers in Developing Communication Skills for Kindergarten Children: A Field Study in the Qasr bin Ghashir Region
This study aims to explore the role of kindergarten teachers in developing communication skills for children in the Qasr bin Ghashir region, as well as to identify the communicative practices used by teachers, the difficulties affecting this role, and proposed mechanisms for enhancement. Utilizing a descriptive methodology, the researcher applied a questionnaire to a sample of 27 kindergarten teachers. The results revealed that the level of communicative practices used by teachers was high, while the difficulties they faced were at a moderate level. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found in the respondents' answers regarding academic qualifications, years of experience, or training courses. The study recommends encouraging teachers to participate in workshops and training programs focused on communication skills.
Impact Analysis of Topography on Urban Expansion Trends in the Mizda Region
This study aims to analyze the impact of topography on urban expansion patterns in the Mazda area using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The results indicate that natural terrain is the primary factor guiding urban growth, with development concentrated in lowlands and gently sloping areas, while highlands, steep slopes, wadis, and sand dunes acted as natural barriers restricting expansion in certain directions. Temporal analysis for the periods 2003–2013–2024 shows that urban growth adapted to these topographic constraints, with development focused on flat areas and avoiding natural obstacles. The study recommends directing future urban expansion towards suitable areas and utilizing GIS tools in urban planning to ensure sustainable growth and minimize natural hazards.
A Framework for Improving Software Requirement Prioritization Using Hierarchical Cumulative Voting (HCV) and Best-Worst Method (BWM) in Agile Project
Requirements prioritization is a fundamental activity in requirements engineering, as it directly impacts release planning, resource allocation, and project success. In agile software development (ASD), this process becomes more challenging due to evolving requirements, multiple stakeholders, limited scalability, and the high cognitive burden of traditional techniques. This study proposes a hybrid prioritization framework that combines the hierarchical cumulative voting (HCV), used to structure requirements and simplify stakeholder input, with the best-worst method (BWM), used to determine consistent expert weights with fewer pairwise comparisons. The stakeholder and expert rankings were integrated using reciprocal rank fusion (RRF) to produce a unified ranking. The framework was evaluated through a case study of an Organizational Quality Management System (OQMS), which included 17 requirements, 43 stakeholders, and 10 experts. The results showed that the approach was effective and reliable, demonstrating that the proposed framework reduced the effort required for requirements prioritization while maintaining a high level of judgment consistency and producing a reliable prioritization result. Overall, the framework demonstrated effectiveness and scalability for ASD while preserving the perspectives of stakeholders and experts.
Reflections of the Family Gap on Children's Academic Performance
This study aims to investigate the reflections of the family gap on the academic performance of children, identifying the extent to which generational and cultural divides within the family influence students' educational achievements. Adopting a descriptive correlational research design, the study utilized a stratified random sample comprising 192 male and female students from the second phase of basic education in the city of Al-Marj. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed across three primary axes: primary data, the family gap indicators (including family cultural level, parenting and disciplinary styles, and family economic status), and children's academic performance. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the family's cultural level and students' academic performance, as well as between positive parenting styles and academic success. Conversely, the results indicated no statistically significant correlation between the parents' academic level or family income levels and the children's academic performance. Based on these empirical insights, the study recommends enhancing parental awareness regarding modern, positive parenting techniques and fostering supportive family dialogue to reinforce academic excellence.
Mustafa Ben Halim and His Role in Building the Libyan State (1954–1957)
This research examines the life of Mustafa Ahmed Ben Halim, a former Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Libya (1954–1957), highlighting his pivotal role in the foundational phase of building the modern Libyan state. It explores his background and political career, underscoring his fundamental contributions to establishing key economic and financial institutions—such as the Central Bank of Libya and the Agricultural Bank. Additionally, the study focuses on his legislative role in drafting the Petroleum Law, which established the regulatory framework for exploiting oil wealth and defined the mechanis In Libya, he advanced this sector and fostered educational and cultural development by establishing the Libyan University—which served as the foundation for higher education in the country. Ben Halim’s efforts were not limited to domestic institution-building; they were accompanied by the strengthening of foreign relations. He pursued a balanced policy that focused on concluding agreements with the United States and solidifying ties with Britain and France, in addition to addressing the issue of liquidating Italian assets in Libya during the post-war period.ms for granting concessions to operating foreign companies.
The Impact of Weighting Agents on Drilling Fluid Properties
Drilling fluid serves as the critical backbone of oil well drilling operations, playing a vital role in primary well control, lifting rock cuttings to the surface, and cooling both the drill pipe and bit. This research evaluates the direct impact of weighting materials on the properties of drilling fluids, while also addressing the economic factors involved in selecting the most suitable additives. A comprehensive review of previous literature was conducted to analyze the most effective materials, identify the environmental and health hazards associated with certain toxic additives, and compare their overall influence on fluid characteristics. Additionally, practical laboratory experiments were performed to investigate how variations in fluid density affect rheological properties and sand content. These tests were carried out using standard laboratory equipment, including a mud balance, Fann V-G meter, Marsh funnel, and a retort kit for solid content analysis.
Psychological Loneliness Under Intensive Social Media Use: A Field Study on Students of the Faculty of Education, Bani Waleed University
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intensive social media use and psychological loneliness among students of the Faculty of Education in Bani Walid, Libya. It also sought to identify the level of intensive social media use, the level of psychological loneliness, and the differences in the study variables according to selected demographic characteristics. The study adopted the descriptive correlational approach, and a questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection from a sample of students enrolled at the Faculty of Education in Bani Walid. Based on the hypothetical results presented for this study, the findings indicated that the level of intensive social media use was high, whereas the level of psychological loneliness was moderate with a tendency toward a high level. The results also revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between intensive social media use and psychological loneliness, indicating that increased social media use was associated with higher levels of psychological loneliness among university students. Furthermore, intensive social media use showed a moderate predictive effect on psychological loneliness, while other factors also contributed to explaining this phenomenon. The study concluded that promoting balanced social media use, strengthening university psychological counseling services, and encouraging students to participate in social, cultural, and extracurricular activities may contribute to improving psychological well-being, enhancing social integration, and reducing feelings of psychological loneliness among university students.
The Challenges Facing Female-Headed Households in Society
This study aimed to diagnose the social, economic, and psychological realities of female breadwinners, identify their most prominent challenges, and examine the relationship between various demographic variables—namely age, educational level, income, family size, and marital status. The researcher employed the descriptive-analytical method, and the research population consisted of female breadwinners, specifically divorced and widowed women in the city of Sabha. The sample comprised 50 participants selected purposefully due to the researcher's familiarity with the study population. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in the average responses attributed to marital status. Economic difficulties emerged as the most severe challenge, accompanied by high psychological pressures resulting from the dual burdens of financial support and full domestic care. Furthermore, a strong correlation was identified between low educational levels and the increased severity of economic and legal obstacles, alongside a distinct gap between the needs of female breadwinners and the support provided by official governmental institutions.
Religious Education in Libya during the Monarchy (1951–1969): Reality, Institutions, and Societal Impact in Light of Statistical Indicators
This research examines religious education in Libya during the monarchy (1951–1969) through three interconnected axes. The first axis reviews the religious educational landscape, where traditional education continued in Quranic schools (kuttabs) and zawiyas (religious lodges), while the state sought to modernize curricula and integrate them into formal schools. The second axis highlights religious institutions such as the Great Mosque and the Senussi zawiyas, and their role in producing scholars and preserving cultural and religious identity, in addition to their contribution to spreading education in rural areas. The third axis emphasizes the social impact of religious education, which contributed to strengthening moral values and shaping religious elites who played a significant role in political and social life, while also maintaining a balance between modern education and religious authority. The research concludes that religious education was an effective tool for preserving national and religious identity, despite the challenges it faced in the context of modernization and openness.
The Impact of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety on EFL Learners' Speaking Performance
This study aimed to investigate the impact of foreign language classroom anxiety on the speaking performance of EFL learners at the University of Misurata by identifying their level of anxiety, measuring their speaking performance, and analyzing the relationship between the two variables. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and the sample consisted of 60 male and female students from the Department of English, Faculty of Languages and Translation, University of Misurata. A questionnaire was used to measure foreign language classroom anxiety, along with an instrument for assessing speaking performance according to several criteria, including fluency, pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, vocabulary, and oral communication. The results showed that the participants experienced a noticeable level of foreign language classroom anxiety, especially in aspects related to fear of making mistakes, fear of negative evaluation, and low self-confidence while speaking. It was also found that the students’ speaking performance was moderate, with relative weakness in fluency and pronunciation. Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between classroom anxiety and speaking performance; that is, the higher the anxiety, the lower the level of speaking performance. These findings highlight the importance of a supportive classroom environment and the teacher’s role in reducing anxiety and improving learners’ opportunities for oral participation.
Constitutional and Legislative Protection of the Principle of Sustainable Development in Libya: A Critical Approach to the Reality and the Aspiration
This article examines the legal framework governing sustainable development in Libya, moving beyond descriptive narrative to a critical analysis of the gap between constitutional texts and administrative practice. The study argues that resource protection is not merely a legislative obligation but an intergenerational trust requiring a vigilant administrative judiciary. It draws inspiration from comparative legal models and advocates for the integration of digital technologies as a tool to enhance institutional transparency and accountability. The research concludes by identifying the fundamental mismatch between constitutional aspirations in recent drafts and the legislative reality, which lacks stringent enforcement mechanisms. It emphasizes that sustainable development in Libya is a national trajectory requiring harmony between legislative will, judicial oversight, and regulatory rigor. The paper proposes several recommendations, including the explicit constitutionalization of intergenerational equity, the establishment of specialized environmental and developmental judicial chambers, the adoption of environmental impact assessments by regulatory bodies, and the implementation of digital transparency systems to track public projects and combat administrative corruption.
The impact of mother tongue on second-language acquisition of English
The challenges faced by students learning English as a second language have persisted throughout history and will continue to do so in the future. Because of this, it becomes essential to shed light on the issues and difficulties that students encounter, particularly the impact of their home tongue, "Arabic language." The author of this study aims to review the literature on how mother tongue influences English language acquisition. The author begins the conversation by providing a conceptual explanation of behaviorism theory using the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH), a structural approach to second language learning that shares behaviorists' viewpoint. Next, a potent theory that explains the majority of L2 errors is discussed in order to understand second language faults. The five causes of interlanguage as well as Selinker's interlanguage theory are examined. Next, keep an eye on Krashen's model theory and discuss all five of its hypotheses. Additionally, a thorough explanation of the idea of second language learning and acquisition for Krashen. The approach utilized to comprehend these challenges is then presented in the study. Qualitative methods were employed for data gathering in order to determine the primary issues and challenges that Libyan student had when learning English as a second language. The author concluded by presenting and analyzing the results. This work is significant and may be valuable to scholars interested in this field as well as to all English learners, students, and teachers. According to the study, it is essential to comprehend both SLA and SLL second language acquisition theories of acquisition to comprehend all the obstacles and problems that second language learners have because of the influence of their mother tongue.
The impact of monetary policy on food security in Libya: an econometric study during the period 1990-2023
This study highlights food security, a cornerstone of economic stability, particularly in Libya, which suffers from complex economic and structural crises. The study's problem lies in identifying the impact of monetary policy on food security in Libya. It focuses on key monetary variables, namely inflation, money supply, and the exchange rate, and their effect on the food gap, which serves as an indicator of food security. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to analyze the long- and short-term equilibrium relationship between the study variables during the period 1990-2023.The results showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between the exchange rate and the food gap, while the inflation coefficient was negative and not statistically significant. The results also showed a statistically significant direct relationship between the money supply and the food gap. The study recommends adopting a monetary policy aimed at controlling the money supply and stabilizing exchange rates to mitigate the widening food gap and directing financing towards productive sectors. It also emphasizes the need to implement structural reforms that support long-term food stability.
Digital Transformation and its Relationship to Achieving Institutional Excellence from the Perspective of Academics: A Case study of the Faculty of Economics, University of Benghazi
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between digital transformation and achieving organizational excellence from the perspective of academic administrators at the Faculty of Economics, University of Benghazi. It examined three key dimensions of digital transformation: technical, human, and organizational. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected via a questionnaire. The study targeted the entire population of academic administrators at the faculty (N=56) using a comprehensive census method, retrieving 43 valid questionnaires for analysis. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that both the implementation level of digital transformation (across its three dimensions) and the level of organizational excellence were moderate. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between digital transformation and the achievement of organizational excellence. Based on these findings, the study recommends upgrading the technical and organizational infrastructure, developing employees' digital skills, and adopting supportive policies for digital transformation to effectively foster organizational excellence.
A Comparative Survey of Contemporary Challenges and Future Horizons in Steganography and Watermarking Across Digital Media
Steganography and digital watermarking are pivotal techniques in information security, designed to embed sensitive data within cover media, including text, images, audio, and video. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and the inherent challenges facing these methodologies in the era of big data. By analyzing current limitations such as robustness, capacity, and imperceptibility, this study identifies emerging trends and explores novel avenues for data hiding. The findings aim to bridge the gap between traditional methods and the increasing demands for secure communication, offering a roadmap for future research in information hiding.
Patterns of the Circular Image and Its Psychological Dimensions in the Poetry of Al-Siddiq Boudouara (A Case Study of the Collection "Searching for Lady J")
This research explores the "circular image" and its psychological and aesthetic dimensions in Al-Siddiq Boudouara’s poetry collection, Searching for Lady J. It aims to unveil how this geometric architecture is employed to embody psychological siege and emotional alienation. The study is structured into a theoretical prelude followed by an applied analysis that categorizes the circular image into six primary typologies: the psychological, the repetitive, the mask-based, the comparative, the cosmic, and the interrogative. Ultimately, the research concludes that this circular structure transcends a mere fleeting stylistic choice; rather, it functions as a "linguistic trap" and a voluntary dungeon reflecting the self's inability to transcend its grief. The "closing verse" plays a pivotal role in rebounding the meaning, sealing the text within the agony of an eternal orbit around the focal point of the beloved.
Ali Mohammed Issa Abdul Rahim Al-Shathouf
Rehab Mohammed Issa Abdul Rahim Al-Shathouf
Women's folk poetry in Cyrenaica (Barqa): between expression and resistance
This research explores women's folk poetry in the Cyrenaica (Barqa) region, illuminating its dual role as a medium for intimate emotional expression and a catalyst for social and political resistance against the Italian occupation. The study is structured into an introduction, three main chapters—examining the forms of emotional outpouring, the poetry of resistance and struggle, and the artistic characteristics of women's texts—and a conclusion. The findings reveal that the Cyrenaican woman masterfully adapted oral arts through "condensation and symbolism" to circumvent both societal constraints and colonial censorship. In doing so, she transformed her verses into a living historical document and a potent weapon of resistance, profoundly contributing to the preservation of oral memory and Libyan national identity.
The Phenomenon of Libyan Women Marrying Foreigners and Its Implications for Demographic Identity
This study investigates the phenomenon of Libyan women marrying non-Libyans, analyzing it from a demographic-sociological perspective. As Libya experiences significant socio-political and economic shifts, this form of marriage has evolved from isolated individual cases into a complex social phenomenon. Utilizing Social Identity Theory and Social Exchange Theory, the study explores the drivers behind this trend, including demographic imbalances, the impact of conflict, and changing social values. The research aims to assess the implications of these marriages on Libya’s demographic identity, national belonging, and the legal status of offspring. Findings indicate that while the phenomenon remains numerically marginal, its qualitative impact on social structure and national identity is profound. The study concludes by proposing policy recommendations, including legislative reforms to citizenship laws and the establishment of a specialized national framework to manage the integration of mixed-marriage families while preserving social cohesion.
Legal Protection of Women Against Digital Violence
This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of digital violence against women in Libya by examining its concept and various forms, reviewing the general context of its prevalence at both the Arab and national levels, and evaluating the regulatory legal framework. The study relies on a descriptive and analytical approach to understand the dimensions of this phenomenon and identify the challenges facing the legal protection of women. The study concludes that digital violence poses an increasing threat to women's rights, particularly in light of weak national legislation, the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms, and the social and cultural factors that hinder efforts to combat it. The findings also reveal that women in Libya, especially activists, are exposed to high levels of digital violence, including harassment, defamation, and extortion. The study recommends the necessity of developing the legal framework to explicitly criminalize digital violence, strengthening the capacities of relevant institutions, and intensifying community awareness programs. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of supporting victims and providing effective reporting and protection mechanisms to help reduce the spread of this phenomenon and ensure a safe digital environment for women.
Internal Displacement to Tripoli City: A Study of Its Causes and Social Dimensions from the Perspective of the Displaced Themselves
The study aimed to identify the underlying causes of internal displacement to the city of Tripoli and monitor its social dimensions from the perspective of the displaced themselves. The study adopted a descriptive approach, with data collected from a random sample of (94) displaced persons, contacted through displacement offices and committees in Tripoli municipal councils. Data were statistically processed using (Excel) through available descriptive analysis tools including frequencies, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, percentage weight, and ranking. The results revealed that security factors (17.87%) and political factors (17.46%) are the most significant causes of displacement, while tribal and social discrimination (17.05%) also emerged as an important factor. Regarding social dimensions, increasing livelihood needs (14.59%) stood out as the most prominent challenge, followed by negative impacts on family relationships (14.25%) and loss of trust in institutions (13.91%). The study concluded that the causes of displacement to Tripoli vary between push factors from areas of origin and pull factors toward the receiving city. Additionally, displacement is not merely an escape from danger but also a search for a better life. Internal displacement to Tripoli creates profound transformations in the social structure of the displaced, ranging between material and psychological impacts. The study recommends directing support programs and mechanisms toward addressing the livelihood needs of the displaced as a priority, followed by psychosocial support, then restoring institutional trust, and enhancing social integration with the host community.
The legal Framework of Negative Administrative Decisions: A comparative study
This study investigates the legislative and judicial approaches toward one of the most critical topics in public law and judicial review, which is the negative administrative decision. The significance of this research stems from the vital role administrative courts play in protecting individual rights and freedoms against the administration's unlawful silence or refusal to issue decisions mandated by law. Based on the structure outlined in the reference, the study is structured into two main chapters; the first chapter focuses on the essence of the negative administrative decision by exploring its conceptual and historical foundations within administrative jurisprudence and establishing a comprehensive definition highlighting it as the administration’s abstention from taking an action it is legally required to perform, while also examining the legal prerequisites necessary to classify administrative silence as an appealable negative decision, such as the existence of a binding legal obligation to act, alongside its distinct characteristics like its continuous nature. The second chapter transitions into a practical and analytical examination of the decision's legal nature and oversight mechanisms, discussing the jurisprudential characterization of these decisions and evaluating the scope of judicial scrutiny applied by administrative courts to verify the legality of administrative omission, as well as drawing clear boundaries distinguishing the negative administrative decision from purely material acts which do not produce legal effects and from implied or tacit decisions, whether approval or rejection, which are explicitly tied to specific statutory timeframes. Ultimately, the study aims to enrich the administrative legal framework by drawing insights from comparative legal systems to provide actionable recommendations to enhance judicial review, ensuring a fair balance between the executive powers of administrative bodies and the legal safeguards guaranteed to individuals.
The relationship between the sciences of Hadith (Prophetic traditions) and the Arabic language
This research explores the relationship between the science of Hadith and the Arabic sciences, both conceptually and in terms of their importance. It then examines the nature of this connection, which includes the critique of Hadith in light of the Arabic sciences, the importance of the chain of transmission (isnad) in both Hadith and Arabic studies, and the need to avoid grammatical errors in Hadith. The research also highlights that understanding Hadith through the lens of Arabic grammar, morphology, and rhetoric aids in comprehending its meaning. The research concludes that a strong relationship exists between the sciences of Hadith and the Arabic sciences. It also demonstrates the importance of the chain of transmission in transmitting knowledge and its role as a crucial tool for clarifying facts. Furthermore, scholars of Hadith paid close attention to the Arabic language, making it a fundamental requirement for the critique and understanding of Hadith, such as paying close attention to grammatical inflection and avoiding grammatical errors in Hadith.
The Role of Kindergarten Teachers in Fostering Leadership Skills among Preschool Children in Light of Digital Age Requirements: A Field Study in Qasr Bin Ghashir
This research aims to identify the role of kindergarten teachers in fostering leadership skills, namely communication, time management, problem-solving, and self-confidence, among preschool children from their perspective in light of digital age requirements. It also seeks to uncover the most prominent requirements and propose mechanisms for developing leadership skills in the Qasr Bin Ghashir region. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method and utilized a questionnaire to collect data from a random sample of (28) public kindergarten teachers in the region. The results indicated that kindergarten teachers play an effective role in developing children's leadership skills, with problem-solving ranking first, followed by communication, self-confidence, and finally time management. The results also revealed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in developing self-confidence skills in favor of trained teachers, while no statistically significant differences were found regarding the teachers' role in developing leadership skills as a whole attributed to other demographic variables. In light of these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, most notably the necessity of providing an educational environment rich in leadership-stimulating activities and designing training programs for teachers to enhance their skills in keeping pace with the digital age. Furthermore, the researcher invites future scholars to conduct studies on the obstacles to developing leadership behavior in children. This study serves as a qualitative addition to the Libyan educational library, especially in light of the digital transformation that imposes new challenges on the educational system, necessitating modern strategies that align with the characteristics of preschool children and contribute to preparing a leadership generation capable of efficiently facing future requirements.
Beauty and Artistic Creativity: An Aesthetic Philosophical Approach
This research addresses the problematic relationship between philosophy, aesthetics, and artistic creativity, aiming to construct an integrated philosophical approach that serves both academic researchers and art practitioners. The study explores whether beauty is an objective reality, a subjective judgment, or an interactive space formed between the artwork and the beholder. It unfolds across six chapters covering the evolution of beauty in Western philosophy, the contributions of Arab and Muslim philosophers, theories of artistic creativity, the context of fine arts education, and the dilemma of beauty between cultural specificity and human universality. The study concludes that beauty is an evolving historical concept, that artistic creativity is an existential act transcending technical craftsmanship, and that philosophical awareness deepens an artist's vision.
Comparison between Femur Length Measurements by ultrasound and Last Menstrual Period for Gestational Age Assessment: Influencing Factors in the Third Trimester
Background: Measurement of the femur length (FL) is one of the basic measurements used in obstetrics to determine gestational age (GA), especially during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, by ultrasonography. However, its accuracy is influenced by a number of clinical and technical factors such as gestational age, fetal lie, position of the placenta and maternal age. These modulating factors should be well understood to enhance the reliability of fetal biometry and to help detect fetal growth abnormalities like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) early. Methods The study was conducted in third trimester pregnant women who attended private obstetric clinics, in Wasit and Baghdad governorates in Iraq, during a period of September 2023 – September 2024. The length of the femur was measured by ultrasound machine Philips HD11 (3.5 MHz convex probe) in accordance with the standard obstetric biometry protocol. LMP derived gestational age discrepancies were divided into 6 categories: A = no discrepancy; B = 1-7 days discrepancy; C = 8-14 days discrepancy; D = 15-21 days discrepancy; E = 22-28 days discrepancy; F = 29-35 days discrepancy. Results: Most of the cases (46.67%) belonged to Group B (1-7 days). The most common fetal lie was longitudinal cephalic (84%), which correlated with the most consistent FL measurements. Anterior placental position was the most common (50.67%) and showed the widest distribution of discrepancy categories. The highest consistency in measurement was found in women aged 21-30 years. Conclusions: The fetal lie, placental position, gestational age and maternal age are significant factors affecting the accuracy of FL measurement in the third trimester. These variables must be documented systematically during obstetric ultrasound and other biometric variables are recommended for use in improving accuracy in the estimation of GA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samer Fadhel Alwazni, Maysaa Jasim Mohammed, Muna Sami Rahman Abu-Ragheef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Properties of Oil Reservoir Rocks and their Effect on the Presence of Oil
The exploration and production of oil reserves are essential components of the global energy industry. Understanding the properties of oil reservoir rocks is crucial in predicting the presence and extraction potential of hydrocarbons. This project delves into the fundamental characteristics of oil reservoir rocks, emphasizing their lithological, porosity, permeability, and petrophysical attributes. It also explores the intricate relationship between these rock properties and the presence of oil, shedding light on how the geological characteristics of reservoir rocks influence oil accumulation, migration, and recovery. By examining case studies and empirical data, this study uncovers the various geological factors that play a pivotal role in oil reservoirs' productivity and longevity. Furthermore, it discusses the advanced technologies and methods used in reservoir characterization, such as well logging, core analysis, and 3D seismic imaging, which provide critical insights into the subsurface geology. These technologies help in optimizing oil extraction strategies, reducing exploration risks, and maximizing the economic viability of oil reservoirs. The findings of this assay highlight the significance of a multidisciplinary approach in reservoir characterization and management, where geologists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers collaborate to assess the properties of oil reservoir rocks comprehensively. This collaborative effort not only aids in understanding the geological complexity but also assists in the sustainable development of hydrocarbon resources. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader conversation on energy sustainability by improving our understanding of the interplay between rock properties and the presence of oil, ultimately enhancing the efficiency of oil exploration and production practices.
The Causes of Rising Public Expenditure in Libya and Measures for Its Rationalization
The research paper addresses the critical issue of rising public expenditure in Libya and its challenges amidst current political and economic conditions. It highlights the concept, objectives, and classifications of public expenditure, while providing an analytical study of the reasons behind its growth internationally and locally, distinguishing between apparent and real causes. The study focuses deeply on the Libyan context, attributing the inflation in expenditures to structural factors, such as political division, an inflated administrative apparatus, the depreciation of the dinar, and an over-reliance on consumption and security spending at the expense of development, compounded by weak financial oversight systems. In the second section, the study establishes the concept of public expenditure rationalization, emphasizing that it is not merely about reduction, but rather a strategic redirection of resources toward vital priorities such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, in accordance with the principles of efficiency and transparency. The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity of adopting comprehensive financial reforms, including restructuring public employment, enhancing the effectiveness of financial oversight, and activating legislation to control spending, thereby ensuring financial sustainability, good governance of public funds, and driving the Libyan economy toward recovery.
Effect of ZrSiO₄ Reinforcement and Processing Parameters on the Texture Evolution and Microstructure of Fe and Al Matrix Composites
This research investigates the crystallographic texture and microstructural evolution of iron (α-Fe) and aluminum (Al) matrix composites reinforced with zircon (ZrSiO4) particles at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 wt%. The study evaluates the influence of mechanical surface treatment and sintering duration (1h and 4h) on the crystal structure using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Texture coefficients (TC) calculated via the Harris method confirm a strong preferred orientation in the samples. Results demonstrate that for BCC iron, surface polishing is the dominant control factor; non-polished samples exhibit a strong 110 texture with TC (110) = 3.00, while polishing significantly reduces this value. Conversely, for FCC aluminum, processing time is the primary control factor, where extended sintering to 4 hours triggers a texture switch from the 311 to the 200 planes, resulting in a strong 200 texture with TC (200) = 3.00. Furthermore, ZrSiO4 additions act as effective grain refiners, decreasing crystallite size from 62 nm to 38 nm in the iron matrix and increasing lattice strain from 0.11% to 0.25%, as determined by the Scherrer equation and Williamson-Hall method. While these additions modify diffraction intensity and microstructural features, they do not alter the texture coefficient values. These findings provide a scientific baseline for optimizing sintering conditions to tailor the anisotropic properties of metal-ceramic composites for structural applications.