Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS)
Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS) (ISSN: 3106-0323) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by Dhat Al-imad University in Libya. Our journal is committed to publishing high-quality, original research that spans a wide range of disciplines within both the humanities and applied sciences. AJHAS publishes two issues per year, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their work and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Vision To be a leading scientific platform for disseminating innovative and impactful research that addresses local and global challenges in the humanities and applied sciences. Mission To provide an accessible and rigorous platform for researchers to publish their scholarly work, foster academic dialogue, and advance interdisciplinary knowledge across various fields of study. Objectives Promote Research: Encourage and publish high-quality research from diverse academic fields. Support Open Access: Provide free and unrestricted access to all published articles, promoting the global exchange of knowledge. Foster Dialogue: Create a forum for intellectual exchange and collaboration among researchers. For more information, you can visit our website or contact us via email at editor@al-imadjournal.ly or WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Measuring Climatic Comfort Levels for the Population of Al-Bayda City for the Period 1982–2021
The study aims to analyze the impact of climate on determining the climatic comfort levels of the population in Al Bayda city using some complex climatic comfort index equations that depend on two climatic elements, and for which climatic data are available. These equations can be applied as Thom's index and Oliver's index based on monthly averages of temperature and relative humidity for the period 1982-2021, to understand the relationship between climatic conditions and human feelings of comfort or distress, discomfort, and unease. The study concluded that there is a variation in climatic comfort levels in Al Bayda city according to the results of the two indexes, as no month was recorded according to Thom's index as a 100% comfortable and ideal month. Ideal comfort was recorded at 50% in April with a value of 16.5, followed by May and November with ideal comfort at 10% and values of 19 and 18.2. January and February were the most uncomfortable and coldest months with a value of 14. This was followed by March with 15 and December with 16, which were cold and uncomfortable months. As for the months of July, August and September, they were hot and uncomfortable with values of 23.5, 24.3, and 23.3. Spring was the ideal and comfortable season with a percentage of 50% in the city of Al-Bayda. Oliver's index results on monthly averages of temperature and relative humidity showed that most residents felt completely comfortable during the months of December, April, and November, with values of 60.5, 62.1, and 64.6. August represented a month of 100% discomfort for residents, with a value of 75.9. Spring was the ideal comfort season, as most residents felt completely comfortable, a point on which the two indexes agreed the annual average, according to Thom's index, was ideal and comfortable at 10%, while Oliver's index represented a relative comfort of 50%.
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Linguistic Study in Al-Zajjaji's Book "Majalis al-Ulama": A Linguistic Study
A close examination of Majālis al-ʿUlamāʾ (The Sessions of Scholars) by Abu al-Qasim al-Zajjaji reveals a vivid portrayal of the intellectual milieu in the fourth century AH. These scholarly gatherings served as forums for dialogue and debate, providing a space for prominent scholars to discuss complex linguistic and grammatical issues. This research demonstrates that these debates were not merely verbal disputes but rather a systematic scholarly methodology that contributed to the construction of grammatical discourse, the development of its analytical tools, and the consolidation of its standards. They represent a brilliant manifestation of intellectual dynamism in Arab heritage—a field where diverse perspectives converged, and the fundamental principles and rules of Arabic grammar were crystallized. Furthermore, these debates played a pivotal role in establishing and advancing grammatical norms, characterized by analytical precision, cogent argumentation, and rhetorical spontaneity. These sessions also reveal the scholars' reliance on the criterion of 'eloquence' (Fasāḥah), based on the prevalence of usage in the speech of Arabs whose linguistic authenticity was beyond doubt. Ultimately, Majālis al-ʿUlamāʾ embodied a scientific approach that significantly enriched the Arabic language and the development of its grammatical studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reformative Principles of Al-Mawardi and Their Da’wah Implications: (An Analytical Study in Light of the Book Adab al-Dunya wa al-Din)
This study aims to identify the reform rules established by Imam Al-Mawardi and clarify their Da’wah (missionary) implications. It addresses several key questions: Who is Imam Al-Mawardi? What are the themes of his book Adab al-Dunya wa al-Din? What are his reform rules? And what are the most significant Da’wah implications and benefits derived from them?.The research is structured into an introduction, a preliminary section, six subsections, and a conclusion. The preliminary section defines the key research terms, provides a biography of Imam Al-Mawardi, and offers an overview of his book Adab al-Dunya wa al-Din.First Subsection: The Rule of "Followed Religion" (Al-Din al-Muttaba’) and its Da’wah implications. Its primary finding is that the desired reform can only be achieved through religion, as it is the sole reliable model.Second Subsection: The Rule of "Powerful Authority" (Al-Sultan al-Qahir) and its Da’wah implications. It concludes that the reform process must be governed by religious standards and supervised by the ruling authority.Third Subsection: The Rule of "Comprehensive Justice" (Al-’Adl al-Shamil) and its Da’wah implications. It finds that comprehensive justice fosters human talent and creativity, allowing aspirations to grow, thereby prospering the nation and increasing its prosperity.Fourth Subsection: The Rule of "Public Security" (Al-Amn al-’Am) and its Da’wah implications. It highlights that security is one of God’s greatest blessings, a pillar of social reform, and the foundation of civilization and stability.Fifth Subsection: The Rule of "Abundant Fertility" (Al-Khasb al-Dar) referring to economic prosperity and its Da’wah implications. It concludes that economic strength is a powerful catalyst for worldly reform and the order of life affairs.Sixth Subsection: The Rule of "Extensive Hope" (Al-Amal al-Fasih) and its Da’wah implications. It finds that hope represents a hidden human force and the primary motivator for knowledge, constructive work, and development.The study concludes by summarizing the most significant results , calling for a focus on practical reformative visions and rules for Muslim society derived from its own Islamic identity and culture.
Integrating Marine Geophysics and Renewable Energy in Marine Sciences for Sustainable Development: A Comprehensive Technical and Environmental Study
This study explores the critical integration of marine geophysical sciences with renewable energy technologies as a primary framework for resource exploration and sustainable development. The research provides a technical analysis of offshore wind turbine arrays, floating photovoltaic platforms, wave energy systems, and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), emphasizing the pivotal role of geophysical surveys in enhancing resource efficiency and engineering reliability. Findings demonstrate that these integrated solutions effectively reduce carbon emissions and bolster the stability of coastal communities by advancing the "blue economy". Furthermore, the study proposes scientific strategies to navigate technical and regulatory obstacles, ensuring the long-term viability of large-scale marine projects in dynamic environments. Results indicate that transitioning from fossil fuels to marine renewables leads to improved water quality, energy independence, and the creation of sustainable "blue" jobs. The synergy between geophysical insights and energy technologies not only guarantees the structural integrity of offshore installations but also serves as a safeguard for sensitive marine ecosystems. Ultimately, the paper recommends fostering regional cooperation and increasing governmental support for innovation to secure a sustainable global energy future for upcoming generations.
The Role of Women Philosophers and Their Contributions to Philosophical Thought
This research aims to highlight the pivotal role of women philosophers throughout history and their profound contributions to the evolution of philosophical thought. It challenges the conventional narrative that has long marginalized female voices, often confining philosophical genius to a male-dominated canon from the Greek era to the modern age. The study investigates how women, despite facing systemic exclusion and social barriers, engaged in rigorous intellectual inquiry, offering unique perspectives on ethics, politics, metaphysics, and social justice. By employing a descriptive-analytical and historical methodology, the paper examines the intellectual legacies of prominent figures such as Theano, Hypatia, and Hannah Arendt, among others. The research demonstrates that women were not merely peripheral figures but were active participants in shaping fundamental philosophical concepts, particularly concerning the family, individual virtues, and the moral fabric of society. The findings emphasize that the history of philosophy is incomplete without recognizing the female intellectual tradition, which provided essential insights into human existence and social organization. Ultimately, this work seeks to restore the status of women in the philosophical field, proving that the capacity for wisdom and rational contemplation is not gender-bound, and that their forgotten contributions continue to resonate in contemporary debates.
The Role of Implementing the Continuous Auditing Approach on Audit Quality within a Digital Transformation Environment: (A Theoretical Analytical Study)
This study investigates the role of the continuous auditing approach in enhancing audit quality within the context of digital transformation. The research addresses the structural deficiencies of traditional auditing methods, particularly the reliance on sampling, which has become inadequate for managing large-scale data in modern business environments. By adopting a descriptive analytical methodology, the paper explores the concepts and objectives of continuous auditing and its capacity to mitigate discovery risks associated with electronic accounting systems. The findings reveal that integrating digital transformation technologies with continuous auditing allows for a comprehensive examination of entire data populations rather than limited samples, thereby providing real-time reports that enhance the reliability and transparency of financial statements. This transition from retrospective to proactive oversight enables early detection of material misstatements and fraud. However, the study identifies significant technical gaps among auditors and emphasizes the urgent need for professional retraining and the development of international auditing standards to accommodate emerging technologies like blockchain and cloud computing. Ultimately, the research concludes that continuous auditing is a strategic necessity for the sustainability of the profession, ensuring high-quality professional performance and reducing overall audit costs in a paperless environment. The study recommends that professional organizations update regulatory frameworks to bridge the gap between rapid data flow and traditional auditing speeds.
Water Security as a Fundamental Human Right: A Study in the Legal Framework
This study addresses the issue of water security as a fundamental human right within the framework of international law, by analyzing the legal concept of water security, examining the evolution of recognition of the human right to water, and studying its underlying international legal basis. It highlights the obligations of states and international organizations in this field, as well as the challenges facing its realization. The study finds that water security is now recognized as a human right both implicitly and explicitly within international law, particularly following interpretations issued by UN bodies and United Nations resolutions. However, this recognition still faces significant implementation challenges. The results show that state obligations are divided into negative obligations, requiring refraining from violating the right to water, and positive obligations, which require taking necessary measures to ensure availability, quality, and sustainability. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that international organizations play an important role in promoting water security through standard-setting and technical support, though their role remains limited due to weak enforcement mechanisms. In addition, water security faces multiple challenges, most notably water scarcity, climate change, pollution, transboundary water disputes, and weak water governance. Accordingly, the study concludes that there is a need to strengthen international cooperation, develop the legal framework governing water security, and activate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to move from theoretical recognition to practical implementation, thereby achieving water justice and sustainable development.
The Role of Lean Accounting in Supporting Cost Leadership Strategy: A Field Study at the Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO)
This study aimed to highlight the role of lean accounting as a modern managerial and accounting approach that contributes to cost control and the reduction of resource waste, thereby supporting the organization’s ability to strengthen its cost leadership strategy. To achieve this objective, the study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and relied on a questionnaire designed around axes consistent with the subject and objectives of the study. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 100 managers, heads of departments, and administrative units at Arabian Gulf Oil Company. The study concluded that lean accounting practices have a tangible Impact on supporting the cost leadership strategy at Arabian Gulf Oil Company.
The Art of Al-Naqa'id in the Umayyad Era: A Study of Concept, Origins, and Cultural Dimensions
This research explores the phenomenon of "Al-Naqa'id" poetry during the Umayyad era, approaching it as a sophisticated intellectual and literary manifestation rather than a mere tribal dispute. The study aims to unveil the "luminous dimensions" of this genre, highlighting its pivotal role in enriching the Arabic linguistic repertoire and documenting the historical and genealogical records of the Arabs. By employing a descriptive-historical methodology, the paper examines the conceptual foundations of Al-Naqa'id, its socio-political catalysts, and its unique artistic characteristics. The findings suggest that Al-Naqa'id served as an early form of "literary dialectics" that flourished under the influence of Islamic rhetoric and the burgeoning intellectual activity of the period. Ultimately, the research argues for a re-evaluation of this art form, emphasizing its positive contributions to the preservation of cultural identity and the refinement of literary criticism in early Islamic civilization.
The validity of the balanced scorecard in evaluating marketing management in field business organizations for service and production business organizations in Libya
This study evaluates the suitability of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) for marketing management within Libyan commercial enterprises and assesses its relevance to the current economic landscape. It examines the BSC's role in enhancing organizational planning and its integration with marketing, strategic management, and market research. Furthermore, the study explores the BSC as a strategic tool for organizations aiming to achieve their long-term objectives, with a specific focus on marketing departments in large corporations. Adopting an inductive modeling approach, data was collected through a 40-item questionnaire distributed to marketing departments in both the service and manufacturing sectors in Libya. The study targeted a broad cross-section of these institutions to ensure a representative sample. A total of 403 valid responses were obtained and used for subsequent statistical analysis. The study reached the following conclusions: 1. It established criteria for optimizing the objectives of marketing departments in research-based enterprises. A primary focus was placed on results-oriented management, emphasizing quantifiable marketing outcomes as a key indicator of departmental necessity. 2. The findings highlight the importance of clearly defining marketing roles and market positioning, which ultimately leads to superior marketing standards and a consistent brand image for products and services. Based on these findings, the study recommends: 1. Establishing robust communication channels to gauge customer purchasing intentions, as many departments currently prioritize products over customer-centric services. 2. Precisely defining outputs based on production requirements and identifying specific target audiences. 3. Guiding marketing departments to identify opportunities within various market segments and tailoring strategies to meet the specific needs of each segment to maximize customer satisfaction.
The Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety Procedures at the General Electricity Company of Libya: A Critical Analytical Study in Light of International Standards
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a major concern in vital sectors such as the energy sector, especially in countries where law enforcement and safety practices are still developing. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) implemented at the General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL), in light of international standards and global best practices. The research adopted a quantitative and qualitative analytical methodology by analyzing secondary data related to injuries and accidents during the period (2012-2014), in addition to analyzing a field questionnaire that included a sample of workers. The results showed a significant weakness in the application of occupational health and safety management systems, as the percentage of injuries resulting from safety instruction violations reached 36% in 2012, 20% in 2013, and 27% in 2014. The study also revealed the absence of effective supervision, lack of training, and insufficient personal protective equipment . The study concludes with the necessity of adopting an Integrated Occupational Health and Safety Strategy that includes planning, implementation, review, and continuous improvement, emphasizing the importance of training, awareness, and the presence of effective supervisory systems such as ISO 45001. It is important for the company to implement a specific occupational health and safety system, which may be designed by the company or based on international systems.
Postgraduate Students' Attitudes Toward Using E-learning at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences: A Field Study at the University of Tripoli
The study aimed to identify the attitudes of postgraduate students (Master's level) toward using e-learning at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripoli. The researcher utilized a descriptive analytical approach to suit the nature of the research. The study population consisted of 30 Master's students, and the research sample was selected randomly from this population. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed by the researcher, comprising 30 items distributed across three main dimensions: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Results indicated that postgraduate students' attitudes toward using e-learning were generally positive, with the overall mean ranging from moderate to high. The cognitive dimension ranked first, reflecting students' awareness of the importance of e-learning in supporting self-learning, followed by the affective dimension in second place. The behavioral dimension ranked last, indicating some practical difficulties in the actual application of e-learning. Furthermore, the findings revealed statistically significant differences in favor of students possessing good technical skills, emphasizing the critical role of training and digital skill development in fostering positive attitudes. Based on these results, the study recommends enhancing technical training programs for postgraduate students and developing the technical infrastructure in higher education institutions to achieve the maximum benefit from e-learning.
The Role of Social Work in Enhancing Social Welfare for the Working Class in Libyan Society
The research examines the social welfare system for the working class in Libyan society, considering it a professional framework of services designed to bridge gaps in social and economic structures. The study highlights a significant social problem emerging since the 1990s, characterized by the marginalization of workers due to unrealistic economic policies, such as the privatization of factories and the abolition of trade unions. These shifts led to widespread poverty, loss of livelihoods, and a decline in labor rights. Using a descriptive methodology based on scientific observation and literature review, the research seeks to define the role of social work in professional intervention. It explores how social work models can be utilized for treatment, development, and prevention within developmental plans. The study emphasizes the necessity of reactivating labor unions and the Cultural Institute for Labor Culture to restore workers' rights and dignity. Key findings suggest that current state interventions are often superficial, requiring a comprehensive legislative overhaul and a new compensation law for affected workers. The paper concludes that social welfare must be inclusive and integrated, ensuring physical and psychological health for workers to achieve national stability. It calls for integrating labor culture into social science curricula to enhance the professional role of social workers in industrial settings.
The Role of Married Women's Work in the Socialization of Children: A Field Study in the City of Bani Walid
The current study aimed to identify the role of married women's work in the process of socializing children, focusing on how working mothers balance professional responsibilities and their fundamental role in raising children. The study followed the descriptive analytical method, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection, which was distributed to a sample of working mothers in the city of Bani Walid. The theoretical framework addressed the concept of socialization and its primary agents, while the field study analyzed the impact of maternal absence during working hours on children's behavior and academic achievement. The results indicated that while work contributes to improving the family's economic level and enhancing the mother's personality, it imposes significant pressures that may affect the time allocated for direct interaction with children. The study found that most working mothers face challenges in reconciling household duties and job requirements, which sometimes leads to reliance on alternative socialization agents such as grandmothers or nurseries. However, the results also showed that a mother's work can promote values of independence and responsibility in children if managed effectively. The study recommended the necessity of providing support systems for working women, such as nursery centers within workplaces, and reducing working hours for mothers of young children to ensure a balance between professional contribution and the quality of the socialization process.
Technical Pathways to Sustainable E-Waste Management: Critical Evaluation of Disassembly and Recycling Strategies for PCBs
This study presents a critical evaluation of technical pathways for the sustainable management of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) within the framework of a circular economy. As electronic waste (e-waste) continues to escalate globally, this research employs a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) integrated with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) data to compare mechanical, chemical, thermal, and biological recycling strategies. The findings indicate that while hydrometallurgical routes offer superior metal recovery rates (up to 96%), their environmental externalities pose significant challenges for developing infrastructures. Conversely, the study highlights the transformative potential of "Design for Disassembly" (DfD) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), which enhanced component identification accuracy to 98% and reduced disassembly time by 40%. Focusing on the Libyan context, the research proposes a "Mechanical-Automation Hybrid" roadmap as a viable short-term solution to bridge the gap between unregulated manual dismantling and high-tech recovery. The results underscore that the synergy between sustainable material innovation, such as bio-based substrates, and digital intelligence is the primary driver for transitioning e-waste from a toxic liability into a strategic "urban mine."
Forecasting the Future: Economic Projections and Strategic Decision-Making in Libya
This study analyzes Libya’s economic growth and inflation rates from 2000 to 2024 and develops forecasts for 2024–2032 using time-series econometric models. The Box–Jenkins methodology was applied, employing ARMA (4,1) for economic growth and ARIMA (2,1,1) for inflation, following stationarity confirmation via unit root tests. Model selection was based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), adjusted R², and parameter significance, while diagnostic tests ensured residuals were stationary, normally distributed, homoscedastic, and free from autocorrelation. The Theil inequality test further validated the predictive accuracy of the models. Forecast results indicate moderate fluctuations in economic growth, with alternating periods of slight contraction and modest recovery, while inflation is projected to rise steadily, reaching approximately 7.8% by 2032. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ARMA and ARIMA models in capturing Libya’s macroeconomic dynamics and demonstrate their utility as evidence-based tools for strategic economic planning in contexts characterized by volatility and uncertainty.
Protection of Public Funds in Light of the Evolving Role of the State: An Analytical Study of Administrative and Supervisory Mechanisms
This study examines the issue of public fund protection in light of the expanding role of the state and its increasing intervention in various economic and social domains, along with the accompanying challenges related to rising risks of corruption and mismanagement of public resources. The study aims to clarify the concept of public funds and distinguish them from the state’s private assets, in addition to analyzing the main administrative and supervisory mechanisms used to protect them. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the legal and jurisprudential framework governing public funds. The findings reveal that the multiplicity of criteria and differences in legislation have led to a relative ambiguity in defining the concept of public funds. The results also indicate that the protection of public funds relies on an integrated set of mechanisms, including administrative protection, direct enforcement, and financial oversight bodies. The study concludes that the effectiveness of public fund protection is closely linked to the strength of oversight institutions, the transparency of public administration, and the strictness of legal frameworks. Strengthening this system is therefore essential for combating corruption and achieving sustainable development. The study further recommends the unification of the legal concept of public funds, the imposition of stricter penalties for violations, the enhancement of transparency and institutional oversight, and the conduct of comparative studies to further develop legal frameworks.
Biomimicry as a Catalyst for Enhancing Engineering Thinking within the Framework of Bio-inspired STEM Education
This research explores the transformative potential of the "Biomimicry" strategy within the context of science education, specifically focusing on its efficacy in enhancing creative thinking among students. Biomimicry, the interdisciplinary practice of emulating nature's models, systems, and elements to solve complex human problems, serves as a cognitive bridge between biological functions and engineering innovations. This review paper analyzes the pedagogical implications of integrating biomimetic principles into the curriculum, moving biology instruction from rote memorization to an innovative problem-solving framework. The study investigates how the synthesis of biological insights and engineering challenges stimulates divergent thinking, original ideation, and cognitive flexibility. By examining a wide range of academic literature and empirical studies, the research identifies a significant correlation between nature-inspired design tasks and the elevation of students' ability to synthesize information across disparate domains. Furthermore, the paper highlights the role of biomimicry in fostering "Bio-inspired STEM Education," where nature acts as a living laboratory for sustainable innovation. The findings suggest that when students analyze biological structures such as the hydrophobic properties of lotus leaves or the aerodynamic efficiency of bird wings and apply these principles to architectural or mechanical designs, their creative output and engagement with scientific concepts increase substantially. This review concludes that biomimicry is not merely a teaching tool but a philosophical shift in pedagogy that aligns human ingenuity with evolutionary wisdom, recommending its systematic integration into modern science teacher training programs and curriculum development to prepare a generation of ecologically-conscious innovators.
Phytochemical Analysis of Flavonoids and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Certain Libyan Medicinal Plants
The escalating prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has necessitated a global search for novel therapeutic agents derived from natural sources. Libyan folk medicine has long utilized indigenous flora for treating infectious diseases, yet these plants remain largely uncharacterized by modern phytochemical and pharmacological standards. This study aims to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive phytochemical analysis, with a specific focus on flavonoid profiling, and evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of three selected Libyan medicinal plants: Retama raetam, Thymus capitatus, and Artemisia herba-alba. Plant samples were collected from the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, and crude extracts were prepared using maceration with 80% ethanol. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was quantified via a colorimetric aluminum chloride assay, while individual flavonoid compounds were identified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). The antimicrobial activity was assessed against a panel of standard pathogenic strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), using the agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs). The results revealed that T. capitatus exhibited the highest TFC (125.3 ± 4.2 mg QE/g extract), followed by A. herba-alba (98.7 ± 3.1 mg QE/g) and R. raetam (56.2 ± 2.5 mg QE/g). HPLC-DAD analysis identified quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin as the predominant flavonoids across the samples. The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that T. capitatus extract possessed the most potent activity, producing significant inhibition zones against S. aureus (22.5 ± 1.1 mm) and C. albicans (19.8 ± 0.9 mm), with MIC values of 0.39 mg/mL and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. A. herba-alba showed notable efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria, particularly E. coli. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between TFC and antimicrobial activity, suggesting that flavonoids are key contributors to the observed effects. This study provides scientific validation for the traditional use of these Libyan plants and identifies T. capitatus as a promising source of flavonoid-based antimicrobial agents. Future research should focus on isolating active compounds, elucidating their mechanisms of action, and evaluating their synergistic potential with conventional antibiotics.
Evaluation of Antibiotic-Induced Hepatotoxicity and its Correlation with Biochemical Biomarkers
This study was designed to investigate the potential hepatotoxic risks associated with the administration of various antibiotic classes by monitoring fluctuations in hepatic biomarkers and identifying clinical manifestations among fifty patients (N=50) with no prior history of liver disease. The research utilized a cross-sectional analytical design, gathering clinical and laboratory data that were subsequently processed using SPSS software. The investigation focused on essential liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), along with total bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The statistical results demonstrated a significant elevation in all liver function parameters following antibiotic therapy. Specifically, ALT and AST levels increased by 132% and 128%, respectively, signaling acute hepatocellular injury. Total bilirubin rose by 167%, suggesting the presence of cholestasis, while CRP levels showed a 226% increase, reflecting a systemic inflammatory response. The study identified a strong positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the duration of treatment, exceeding seven days, and excessive dosage with the severity of hepatic damage. Notably, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin) and Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) were associated with the highest levels of hepatotoxicity, whereas Ciprofloxacin exhibited the lowest impact. Clinical symptoms such as jaundice (48%), fever (52%), and dark urine (44%) were prevalent, reinforcing the laboratory findings of Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). In conclusion, the irrational use of antibiotics poses a severe risk of hepatic necrosis, necessitating routine monitoring of liver functions during prolonged therapies.
The Content of Opinion Articles in the Libyan Online Newspaper Al-Nas From July 1, 2025, to January 27, 2026: An Analytical Study
The study aimed to identify the content of opinion pieces published on pages 10 and 11 of the online newspaper (Al-Nas), which was the subject of the study, in terms of the types of articles, their subject areas, how they were utilized, the authors’ perspectives, their presentation styles, and the accompanying elements of emphasis. The study reached the following key findings: Publication priority was associated with political opinion pieces, which accounted for more than half of the content, followed by economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological, and finally religious topics. The articles covered local geographic areas (65%), followed by international topics (12.3%) and Arab topics (6.5%). Expository articles were the most prominent, followed by argumentative, narrative, and finally descriptive articles. The most prominent categories of political articles were international issues, followed by the rejection of violent and hate speech, and then Arab issues. The priority among economic article categories was economic corruption (44%), followed by economic security (33%). As for social articles, the most frequently covered category was service institutions (33.3%), followed by social institutions (16.6%), and human values, customs, and traditions (12.5%). The category of analysts and experts surpassed other types of writers, with journalists coming in second, followed by academics. Opinion articles primarily relied on radio stations, documents, and records as sources of information, followed by the community, and then online news sites. Their primary functions were analyzing events first, followed by educating, then explaining and interpreting. Most articles were short in length, followed by medium-length, and relied on a single headline at a higher rate, followed by multiple were positive (55%) and negative by (41%) and neutral (3.6%); the articles were presented objectively (65%) and emotionally objectively (34.7%), and the moderate pyramid style was followed (94%). Most opinion piece writers were men, accounting for 97%, while women accounted for no more than 2.8%
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Improving the Quality of Scientific Research Among Students of the Department of Education Sciences at Misurata University
This study aims to identify the role of artificial intelligence in improving the quality of scientific research among students of the Department of Educational Sciences at the University of Misurata. It also seeks to reveal the level of students’ use of artificial intelligence applications and the most prominent tools relied upon in preparing their scientific research, in addition to identifying the challenges they face when using these technologies. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability to the nature of the research topic. The study population consisted of students from the Department of Educational Sciences at the Faculty of Arts, University of Misurata, during the second semester (2026). The sample included 90 students selected using the comprehensive census method, including 80 females and 10 males. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The results showed a high level of agreement among students regarding the role of artificial intelligence in improving the quality of scientific research, with a mean of (3.66). The results also indicated a high level of students’ use of these applications in preparing research, with a mean of (3.74). Intelligent chat applications such as ChatGPT ranked first among the tools used, followed by translation tools, grammar-checking tools, and plagiarism detection tools. Some students also rely on statistical analysis tools and AI-supported academic search tools. The results further revealed several challenges, including insufficient training in the use of these technologies, difficulties in using them for statistical analysis, the potential risk of plagiarism, and the inaccuracy of some information provided by AI applications. The study recommended integrating artificial intelligence tools into scientific research training programs, providing continuous technical and training support for students, and organizing workshops to raise awareness about the ethical use of these technologies.
Gas Geochemistry of the Ordovician–Carboniferous Sediments in Well A1-NC175, Ghadames Basin, NW Libya
The authors evaluated the geochemical characteristics of source rock and natural gas of the Ordovician–Carboniferous strata in well A1-NC175, Ghadames Basin, NW Libya. In terms of the source rock geochemistry, the organic richness ranged from poor to good. The predominant kerogen was of type III and IV. There were three levels of thermal maturity: early, peak, and late. The shales mainly contained indigenous hydrocarbons. The shales may be regarded as oil and/or gas sources. The shales are not considered a potential reservoir for extracting unconventional hydrocarbons. In terms of the gas geochemistry, thermogenic gases predominated in the samples. The gasses were wet in nature.
Petroleum Geochemistry of the Varicolored Shale of the Nubian Formation in Wells R8-82, R9-82, and R10-82, Sirte Basin, North Central Libya
A mineralogical and geochemical evaluation of the Varicolored Shale of the Nubian Formation (Early Cretaceous) was carried out in wells R8-82, R9-82, and R10-82, Sirte Basin, north central Libya. Regarding mineral composition, the studied shale in well R8-82 mainly consists of clay minerals with smaller amounts of quartz, carbonates (calcite and dolomite), and potassium feldspar. The shale is classified into three lithofacies: (1) Argillaceous shale (CM); (2) Silica rich-argillaceous shale (CM-1); and (3) Mixed argillaceous shale (CM-2). Regarding source rock evaluation, there are four categories of organic richness in the shale: poor, fair, good, and very good. The shale is dominated by hydrogen-poor kerogens (II–III, III, and IV). The degree of thermal maturity varies from immature to late mature. The shale mainly contains indigenous hydrocarbons with lesser amount of nonindigenous hydrocarbons. The shale is principally a source of oil. The shale is deemed inappropriate for the extraction of shale oil. Regarding shale oil evaluation, mature oil predominates in the shale. There are two oil families; the first family is derived from carbonate or evaporite, while the shale or clay-rich rock is the source of the second family. The majority of these families are marine in origin.
Mechanisms of Action of Plant Extracts as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Studies
The overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, environmental contamination, and concerns regarding food safety, necessitating the search for effective and eco-friendly alternatives. Plant-derived bioactive compounds, collectively known as phytobiotics, have gained considerable attention as promising substitutes due to their multifaceted biological activities. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent findings on the mechanisms of action through which plant extracts exert their beneficial effects in farmed fish species. The major mechanisms identified include direct antimicrobial activity through disruption of bacterial cell walls and inhibition of quorum sensing, immunomodulation via enhancement of both nonspecific and specific immune parameters, antioxidant protection through upregulation of endogenous enzyme systems, and growth promotion mediated by improved digestive enzyme activity and nutrient utilization. The review systematically examines how different classes of phytochemicals—including alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, and polysaccharides—contribute to these effects. Evidence from recent studies demonstrates that plant extracts enhance lysozyme activity, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and immune-related gene expression while reducing oxidative stress markers and improving resistance against major bacterial pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio species, and Yersinia ruckeri. Factors influencing phytobiotic efficacy, including extraction methods, dosage optimization, and advanced delivery systems like microencapsulation, are critically evaluated. The review also identifies current research gaps and proposes future directions, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols, omics-based mechanistic studies, and commercially scalable formulations to facilitate the transition from experimental findings to practical aquaculture applications. By consolidating current knowledge on mechanisms of action, this review contributes to the strategic adoption of plant extracts as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture.
European Plans for the Subjugation of the Tripolitanian Navy (1815–1832 AD)
This research examines the systematic European strategies aimed at neutralizing the Tripolitanian naval power between 1815 and 1832 AD, a period marking the decline of the Karamanli Dynasty. During the reign of Yusuf Pasha Karamanli, the Regency of Tripoli exerted significant maritime influence, imposing levies and taxes on European vessels to ensure safe passage in the Mediterranean. This study highlights how the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) served as pivotal diplomatic and military turning points, shifting the European stance from paying tributes to active collective confrontation. The findings demonstrate that British and French naval pressures, under the guise of abolishing the slave trade and piracy, were strategically designed to dismantle the economic foundation of the Regency. This external strangulation led to a severe fiscal crisis, characterized by the collapse of the local currency, excessive internal taxation, and heavy reliance on foreign loans. Consequently, the resulting internal instability and family disputes over power weakened the state, facilitating the return of direct Ottoman rule in 1835. The study concludes that the European "maritime security" agenda was a precursor to broader colonial ambitions in North Africa.
Local Sources of Historical Documentation in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah during the Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods: An Analytical Study (567 AH – 923 AH / 1171 AD – 1517 AD)
This analytical study explores the nature of local historical documentation in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods (567 AH – 923 AH / 1171 AD – 1517 AD). During these eras, the city gained significant status as a sacred religious center, leading to a flourish in local historiography that focused on its landmarks, mosques, scientific life, and social fabric. The research investigates the political background of the city, which transitioned from Zaydi influence to Ayyubid and eventually Mamluk sovereignty, while maintaining a degree of local rule by the Ashraf. The study highlights prominent local sources authored by scholars directly connected to the city, such as Ibn al-Jawzi’s "Muthir al-Azm", Ibn al-Najjar’s "al-Durra al-Thamina", al-Marjani’s "Bahjat al-Nufus", and al-Samhudi’s encyclopedic work "Wafa al-Wafa". Utilizing an analytical approach, the research evaluates the methodologies of these historians, noting a transition from traditional narrative reporting to sophisticated critical analysis and field observation. While early works often blended religious virtues with history, later scholars like al-Samhudi employed comparative criticism and meticulous documentation of architectural changes, such as those following the second fire of the Prophet's Mosque in 886 AH. These local sources provide an essential foundation for understanding Al-Madinah’s history. They represent an advanced stage of documentation that balances scientific accuracy with religious devotion, effectively preserving the city's cultural heritage and filling gaps left by general historical texts. The study concludes that the "local documentation" emerged as an independent phenomenon with its own tools and methods, contributing significantly to the construction of local historical memory.
The Role of Student Counselor in Activating Psychological Resilience as a Mediating Variable to Confront Family Crises
This research investigates the pivotal role of the school counselor in fostering psychological resilience as a strategic mediating variable to mitigate the adverse effects of family crises on students. In an era characterized by escalating social instability, family crises—including divorce, domestic violence, and financial distress—have become significant impediments to students' academic achievement and psychological equilibrium. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to explore the dynamic interplay between professional counseling interventions and the development of students' internal strengths. Central to this investigation is the concept of "Psychological Resilience," viewed not as a static trait but as a developable "psychological muscle" and a "mediating channel" through which the impacts of family stressors are processed. The research demonstrates that the counselor acts as a "human systems engineer," employing advanced techniques such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and mindfulness to facilitate "Cognitive Reappraisal." These interventions empower students to shift from a "victim mentality" to an "agency model," where they perceive family crises as external challenges rather than personal failures. Statistical path analysis reveals that resilience functions as a "circuit breaker" that absorbs the direct shock of family trauma, reducing the negative correlation between crisis and school adjustment by approximately 60%. The study concludes that the counselor's presence as a perceived support system is an essential protective factor that activates "Ordinary Magic"—the natural adaptive systems within the student. Consequently, the research proposes a specialized "Resilience Toolkit" consisting of eight structured sessions designed to build self-efficacy, emotional regulation, and social support networks. This transition from administrative roles to specialized psychological engineering is vital for ensuring students' long-term academic success and mental well-being in the face of contemporary social challenges.
Investigating EFL Teaching Challenges in Libya (Case Study: Secondary Schools in Maslata)
This study aimed to explore the most prominent problems, difficulties, and challenges faced by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in Libyan secondary schools during their teaching. It specifically investigated whether these challenges relate to teacher competency, teaching methods, or the curriculum. Employing a descriptive, analytical, and quantitative methodology, the researcher surveyed all 28 English language teachers across four secondary schools in Maslata city for the 2024/2025 academic year. Data were collected using a 21-item questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results revealed that challenges related to the availability of teaching aids ranked first, followed by challenges related to teacher competency, both showing statistically significant effects. While challenges related to curriculum components were present, they demonstrated a very small statistically significant effect. The study concluded that systemic issues, including traditional teacher-centered methodologies and resource constraints, hinder effective language instruction. Key recommendations include providing structured teacher training programs, reducing class sizes to a maximum of 15 students, and integrating modern technology and multi-media language labs into schools.
Angular Dependence of the Total Cross Section in Inverse Compton Scattering (Theoretical study)
Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) of relativistic electrons with low-energy laser photons is a highly efficient mechanism for generating high-energy gamma rays. This study presents a theoretical calculation of the total cross section for ICS in head-on collisions, specifically investigating its dependence on the scattering angle (θ_s). The total cross section is a fundamental parameter for accurately estimating gamma-ray production rates and scattering probabilities. Our findings indicate that angular effects significantly influence the cross-sectional values. Results show that at high gamma-ray energies, the total cross section decreases, whereas at lower energies—corresponding to larger scattering angles—it approaches the classical Thomson scattering limit (σ_(Th≈)665mb). This transition confirms the consistency of the theoretical model across different energy regimes. Data from the SLEGS, Hayakawa, and LADON facilities were utilized to verify these angular dependencies. The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the energy of the produced gamma rays and the scattering probability. These insights are crucial for optimizing ICS-based sources utilized in nuclear physics, medical imaging, and industrial applications, particularly in the transmutation of nuclear waste.