A Comparative Survey of Contemporary Challenges and Future Horizons in Steganography and Watermarking Across Digital Media

Abstract

Steganography and digital watermarking are pivotal techniques in information security, designed to embed sensitive data within cover media, including text, images, audio, and video. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and the inherent challenges facing these methodologies in the era of big data. By analyzing current limitations such as robustness, capacity, and imperceptibility, this study identifies emerging trends and explores novel avenues for data hiding. The findings aim to bridge the gap between traditional methods and the increasing demands for secure communication, offering a roadmap for future research in information hiding.