Substance Use Patterns and Rehabilitation Outcomes among Residents of Iraqi Rehabilitation Centers: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Institutional Records from 2024 to 2025

Abstract

This study aims to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of residents in rehabilitation centers in Iraq, analyses patterns of substance use, and compare a number of therapeutics, neurofunctional and laboratory outcome indicators between 2024 and 2025, within the framework of a scientific review highlighting the practical value of neurobiochemistry in supporting youth rehabilitation programs. The study adopted a review, descriptive, analytical and comparative design, and was based on the complete institutional records of residents registered at rehabilitation centers affiliated with the relevant directorate, totaling 10,246 records, of which 4,827 were from 2024 and 5,419 from 2025. The results showed a 12.3% increase in the total number of residents, with a clear concentration of cases in younger age groups, particularly those aged between 25 and 30 and 30 and 35. The treatment landscape was dominated by amphetamine-type stimulants, of which the largest proportion was crystal methamphetamine, with relatively small proportions of Captagon, and smaller proportions of other substances. Regarding treatment outcomes, program adherence increased from 68% to 84%, program completion increased from 61% to 79%, the 6-month relapse rate decreased from 34% to 18% and the proportion of people returning to work or study increased from 42% to 67%. In addition, there was a general trend of improvement in the neurofunctional and laboratory parameters, such as the executive function, the regulation of stress, the balance of the reward circuits, the stability of sleep, recovery of the liver and kidneys, blood sugar control, and a decrease in Helicobacter pylori positivity. Within the scope of methodological interpretation, these results indicate that the effects of integrated rehabilitation programmes are not restricted to the reduction of drugs or alcohol use or to control of overt behavior but are also extended to other fields related to occupational stability, social integration, and some health parameters which are conducive to recovery. The study highlights the need for rehabilitation and aftercare systems, especially in the context of high prevalence of stimulant use disorders amongst young people and of the burden of the disorder in this age group.