Khayriyah Nasr Amhimmid Abu Naejah. Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement. Al-Imad J. Humanit. Appl. Sci. [Internet]. 2026 May 13 [cited 2026 May 14];2(1):786-808. Available from: https://al-imadjournal.ly/index.php/ajhas/article/view/105