Khayriyah Nasr Amhimmid Abu Naejah (2026) “Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement”, Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS), 2(1), pp. 786–808. Available at: https://al-imadjournal.ly/index.php/ajhas/article/view/105 (Accessed: 14 May 2026).