KHAYRIYAH NASR AMHIMMID ABU NAEJAH. Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement. Al-imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS), Libya, v. 2, n. 1, p. 786–808, 2026. Disponível em: https://al-imadjournal.ly/index.php/ajhas/article/view/105. Acesso em: 14 may. 2026.