Khayriyah Nasr Amhimmid Abu Naejah. (2026). Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement. Al-Imad Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences (AJHAS), 2(1), 786-808. https://al-imadjournal.ly/index.php/ajhas/article/view/105