Khayriyah Nasr Amhimmid Abu Naejah. Mathematical modeling of systems with random variables: An analytical framework for studying non-deterministic behavior and its applications to improving academic achievement. Al-Imad J. Humanit. Appl. Sci. 2026;2(1):786-808. Accessed May 14, 2026. https://al-imadjournal.ly/index.php/ajhas/article/view/105